Itholakala ePoint Hope, e-Alaska, idolobha lasendulo i-Ipiutak linendawo ebalulekile emibhalweni yomlando. Yake yaba idolobha elikhulu elichumayo lapho abantu babehlala khona, behweba futhi beqhuba amasiko ayingqayizivele, i-Ipiutak manje isiyincithakalo, ishiya izinsalela zenkazimulo yayo yangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, ukubaluleka kokuvubukula nomlando kwalesi siza akukwazi ukweqiwa. Ukwembula imfihlakalo ye-Ipiutak kubambe ukhiye wokuvula ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesiko elishabalala kanye nezakhamuzi zakuqala zaseNyakatho Melika.
Abakhi abayindida base-Ipiutak
Umlando we-Ipiutak ugubuzelwe ukungaqiniseki, ngolwazi olushayisanayo oluzungeze umsuka wayo kanye nobunikazi babakhi bayo. Kusukela eminyakeni engu-2,000 800 edlule, umphakathi wagcina uwohlokile cishe ngo-XNUMX CE, okwashiya abavubukuli behlanganisa ndawonye indida yokudalwa nokubhubha kwawo.
Abakhi be-Ipiutak babengabantu abayinkimbinkimbi, bedlula ama-Inuit ngokwentuthuko. Bakha idolobha lasendulo ngephethini yegridi, okukhumbuza amadolobha asendulo empucuko yase-Indus Valley. Njengoba inezindlu ezingaba ngu-600 ezilahliwe, izinto zobuciko ezingavamile eziyinkulungwane, namathuna amakhulu, i-Ipiutak iyindawo enkulu kunawo wonke endaweni yase-Arctic Inuit.
Umjaho onezinwele ezimhlophe namehlo aluhlaza?
Izinganekwane zama-Inuit zixoxa indaba ethakazelisayo ngabakhi bokuqala base-Ipiutak. Ngokwesiko labo elidluliselwa ngomlomo, idolobha lasendulo alakhiwanga ama-Inuit ngokwawo kodwa abantu abanezinwele ezimhlophe kanye umjaho onamehlo aluhlaza. Lezi zinganekwane nazo zikhuluma ngabamhlophe ama-giant owake wahlala e-Ipiutak kwaze kwaba seMpini Yonkulunkulu. Impicabadala iya ijula njengoba siqagela ngemvelaphi engase ibe khona yalaba bakhi abangaqondakali. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-Ipiutak ibiyindawo yokuhlala yamaViking noma ixhumene nesiko lamaDorset? Iqiniso lihlala lingaqondakali.
Ithiyori ye-Asian Origins
Abanye abavubukuli, njengoRainey Froelich, bakholelwa ukuthi abakhi base-Ipiutak badabuka e-Asia. UFroelich uphakamisa ukuthi isiko lama-Ipiutak landulela amasiko ama-Inuit aziwayo ogwini lwe-Arctic futhi ngokunokwenzeka adabuka empumalanga ye-Asia. Izinto zobuciko ezitholwe e-Ipiutak, okuhlanganisa nokuqoshwa kwezinyo lendlovu namathuluzi aqoshiwe, kubonisa amaphethini obuciko ahlukile kumasiko ahlobene. Ubuciko obuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nesitayela sobuciko esiyingqayizivele salezi zinto kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomsuka wamasiko we-Ipiutak.
Amasiko angavamile e-Ipiutak
Idolobha lasendulo i-Ipiutak alizange nje liziqhayise ngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi nobungcweti obunekhono kodwa futhi laliqhuba amasiko nemikhuba ethakazelisayo. Ukutholwa kwemivubukulo yamathuna angaphezu kuka-5,000 eduze kwase-Ipiutak kukhanyisa imikhuba yamasiko ezakhamuzi zakhona.
Lawo mathuna ase-Ipiutak anikeza amazwibela amasiko okungcwaba abantu bakhona. Amanye amathuna aqukethe izingebhezi zasendulo ezinamaso okwenziwa enziwe ngezinyo lendlovu kanye nendiza. Ezinye zinezimbobo zekhala lendlovu ezimise okwekhanda lenyoni, izifihla-buso ezibulala izinyo lendlovu, ngisho nezilwane ezincane ezifakwe izidumbu ezinamahlo ahlotshiswe nge-obsidian. Lokhu okutholakele kusikisela ukuxhumana okuqinile ne-shamanism futhi kuqhathanise namasiko amaScytho-Siberian ase-Ukraine.
Inani labantu base-Ipiutak
UFroelich Rainey, owamba le ndawo, walinganisela ukuthi i-Ipiutak yake yaba indawo yokuhlala enabantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Lesi sibalo sabantu besingadlula leso sedolobha lanamuhla laseFairbanks, e-Alaska. Izinga eliphelele le-Ipiutak libonisa umphakathi ophumelelayo odlale indima ebalulekile esifundeni.
Ubuciko basendulo be-Ipiutak
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-Ipiutak ifa layo elicebile lobuciko. Izakhamuzi zaleli dolobha zazinekhono emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yobuciko, kusukela emidwebeni eyinkimbinkimbi yezinyo lendlovu kuya kumathuluzi aqoshiwe. Lezi zinkulumo zobuciko zisikhanyisela ngezinkolelo zamasiko nezingokomoya zabantu abake babiza ikhaya lase-Ipiutak.
Abantu base-Ipiutak babonisa ubunkimbinkimbi babo emidwebeni yokuhlobisa, ikakhulukazi kumazinyo endlovu, ukhuni, amathambo namatshe. Izinto ezenziwe ngophondo lwendlovu ezibaziweyo ezitholakala e-Ipiutak zibonisa amaphethini obuciko ahlukile awenza ahluke emisebenzini yamanye amasiko. Ukubaluleka nokufanekisela le mifanekiso eqoshiwe eyinkimbinkimbi iyaqhubeka nokubathakazelisa abavubukuli kanye nabathandi bobuciko ngokufanayo.
I-Symbolism kanye ne-shamanism
Iningi lemifanekiso eqoshiwe etholwe e-Ipiutak kukholakala ukuthi inencazelo engokomfanekiso futhi kungenzeka ihlotshaniswa nobushamanism. I-Shamanism yayiwumkhuba owawuvamile phakathi kwezakhamuzi, futhi izinto ezitholakala emathuneni ama-shaman ziphakamisa ukuxhumana okuqinile ngokomoya. Ukuba khona kwama-loon skulls anezixhumi zamehlo ezinyo lendlovu kanye nokumelwa kwamabhere amhlophe emidwebeni eqoshiwe kusikisela ukuxhumana namahlelo asendulo nemikhuba yemikhosi.
I-Ipiutak: Iwindi lesiko lasendulo lase-Arctic
I-Ipiutak isebenza njengesango lokuqonda amasiko asendulo ase-Arctic ayekhona ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Ngokuvubukula nokuhlaziya okubanzi kwemivubukulo, abacwaningi baye bahlanganisa kancane kancane indida yomlando we-Ipiutak kanye nokubaluleka kwawo esimweni esibanzi sempucuko yaseNyakatho Melika.
Ukuxhumana kwe-Stone Age eyindilinga
Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi izizwe ezihlukahlukene ezihlala e-Arctic, njengamaLapps, amaSamoyed, amaYukaghir, nama-Inuit, zihlanganyela isiko elisekelwe eNkathini Yasendulo eyindilinga. Leli siko kungenzeka ukuthi lavela kubazingeli bezinyamazane ngezikhathi zaseMagdalenian entshonalanga yeYurophu. Nakuba kunenkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nemvelaphi yabantu base-Inuit, kusobala ukuthi baye bahlakulela isiko eliyingqayizivele lase-Arctic elihlobene eduze nendawo yabo nendlela yokuphila.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Arctic ayizange ibe isiphephelo esimile semiphakathi yasendulo ye-Stone Age. Uguquko nokuthuthuka kwamasiko kube yingxenye yomlando walesi sifunda, njengezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ukumba eSiberia, e-Alaska, eCanada, naseGreenland kwembule umlando omude wokuhlala kwe-Arctic, obonakala ngezigaba ezihlukene nokushintshashintsha kwamasiko.
Ama-horizons wezikhathi ezintathu
Abavubukuli bahlonze izikhathi ezintathu ezihlukene zesikhathi emlandweni we-Arctic: Inkathi Yasendulo Yamatshe, isiteji se-paleo-Inuit, nesiteji se-neo-Inuit. Isiko lasendulo leNkathi Yamatshe, namathuluzi alo acwebile, angaphambi kuka-2000 BC. Isiteji se-paleo-Inuit, esimakwe ngamathuluzi we-slate aphucuziwe, sisuka ku-700 BC kuya ku-AD 300. Ekugcineni, isigaba se-neo-Inuit savela cishe ngo-AD 300 futhi siyaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Isigaba ngasinye sembula izici zamasiko ezihlukile, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezinkulumo zobuciko.
Ekuphetheni
Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka ocwaningo nokumbiwa, indida ye-Ipiutak isalokhu ingaxazululeki. Abakhi bokuqala baleli dolobha lasendulo, imvelaphi yabo, nesiphetho sabo sokugcina basasiphunyuka. Izinganekwane zama-Inuit, ubufakazi bemivubukulo, kanye nokuba khona kwezinkulumo zobuciko eziyingqayizivele konke kuyasijabulisa amazwibela ngesiko elishabalala. Ukwembula imfihlakalo ye-Ipiutak kuyaqhubeka nokuba umkhankaso ohehayo, okunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ngezakhamuzi zakuqala zaseNyakatho Melika kanye nempumelelo yazo emangalisayo.
Njengoba sijula ocwaningweni lwe-Ipiutak, ukuqonda kwethu ngamasiko asendulo ase-Arctic kuyakhula, kwandise umnotho wethu. ulwazi lomlando wesintu futhi impucuko ehlukahlukene eyake yachuma ezindaweni ezikude zomhlaba.
Ngemva kokufunda ngedolobha lasendulo i-Ipiutak, funda ngalo Izibuko zeqhwa ze-Inuit eziqoshwe ngethambo, izinyo lendlovu, ukhuni noma i-antler, bese ufunda mayelana Imizi eyi-16 yasendulo nezindawo zokuhlala ezazishiywe ngendlela engaqondakali.
