Ucwaningo lukhomba umsuka ofanayo wesiNgisi nolimi lwaseNdiya lwasendulo lwesiSanskrit eminyakeni engu-8,000 edlule

Izihlahla zolimi ezinamadlozi ayisampula zisekela imodeli eyingxube yomsuka wezilimi zase-Indo-European.

Ukuhlaziya kuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukhokho oyedwa wezilimi zase-Indo-European, ezihlanganisa isiNgisi nesiSanskrit, kungenzeka ukuthi zazikhulunywa eminyakeni eyizi-8,100 edlule.

Ikhasi elivela ekhophini yekhulu le-18 le-Dhātupāṭha yase-Pāṇini (MS Add.2351). I-Cambridge University Library
Ikhasi elivela ekhophini yekhulu le-18 le-Dhātupāṭha yase-Pāṇini (MS Add.2351). I-Cambridge University Library

Ososayensi, kuhlanganise nalabo abavela ku-Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology eJalimane, baye bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwabo “luyintuthuko enkulu” ekuqondeni ukuqala kwezilimi zase-Indo-European, impikiswano eyaphikelela cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amabili.

Kuye kwaphakanyiswa imibono emibili ukuze kuchazwe imvelaphi yomndeni wezilimi ezisetshenziswa manje cishe ingxenye yabantu emhlabeni.

I-Stepe hypothesis iphakamisa ukuthi ukuqala kwalokhu kungalandelelwa emuva esifundeni sasePontic-Caspian Steppe cishe eminyakeni engu-6,000 edlule.

I-hypothesis ethi "Anatolian" noma "yokulima" iphakamisa ukuthi umsuka wento ethile uxhumene nokuqala kwezolimo eminyakeni engaba ngu-9,000 edlule.

Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olumayelana nomndeni wolimi lwase-Indo-European luveze imiphumela ehlukene ngenxa yokungalungi okuthile nokungahambisani phakathi kwedatha esetshenzisiwe.

Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu kusilela, iqoqo lochwepheshe bolimi abangu-80+ abavela emhlabeni wonke bahlanganise iqoqo lamagama asemqoka asuka ezilimini eziyi-161 zase-Indo-European, ezihlanganisa izilimi zasendulo ezingu-52 noma zomlando.

Ukuhlaziya kwakamuva, okuvela ku Isayensi, yaphenya ukuthi ingabe izilimi zesigodi ezidala ezibhalwayo, njengesiLatini Sakudala nesi-Vedic Sanskrit, zaziyizandulela zezilimi zesimanje zesiRomance nesi-Indic, ngokulandelana.

Abacwaningi benze ucwaningo lwemvelaphi eyabiwe yesichazamazwi esiyinhloko ezilimini zamanje eziyi-100 nezilimi ezingama-51 zakudala.

Ucwaningo lukhomba umsuka ofanayo wesiNgisi nolimi lwaseNdiya lwasendulo lwesiSanskrit eminyakeni engu-8,000 edlule 1
Umndeni wolimi waqala ukwehlukana kusukela eminyakeni eyizi-8,100 edlule, uphuma ezweni lendabuko eliseningizimu yeCaucasus. Ukufuduka okukodwa kwafinyelela ePontic-Caspian kanye naseForest Steppe eminyakeni engaba ngu-7,000 edlule, futhi ukusuka lapho ukufuduka okwalandela kwasakazekela ezingxenyeni ezithile zeYurophu eminyakeni eyizi-5,000 edlule. P. Heggarty et al., Isayensi (2023)

Kubonakala, ngokocwaningo, ukuthi umndeni wezilimi zase-Indo-European usuneminyaka engu-8,100 ukhona nokuthi eminyakeni engu-7,000 edlule, amagatsha amakhulu amahlanu asevele ahlukene kuwo.

Ngokuka-Russell Gray ongu-co-mbhali, ukulandelana kwezikhathi kocwaningo kuhlala kuqinile lapho kuhlolwa kumamodeli ahlukahlukene e-phylogenetic kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuzwela.

UDkt Gray wagomela ngokuthi inhlanganisela ye-DNA yasendulo kanye ne-phylogenetics yolimi ingase inikeze impendulo ku-Indo-European enigma osekunesikhathi eside ikhona, okuyinhlanganisela yemibono yokulima kanye ne-Steppe.

Ngokusekelwe ophenyweni lwakamuva, i-hypothesis eyingxube iye yaphakanyiswa ukuze kuqalwe izilimi zase-Indo-European. Ihlongoza izwe lokuqala eliseningizimu yeCaucasus kanye nekhaya lesibili e-Steppe, lapho ezinye zezilimi zase-Indo-European zafika eYurophu ngokufuduka kwabantu baseYamnaya kanye neCorded Ware.

UPaul Heggarty, obambe iqhaza ocwaningweni, uthe idatha yakamuva ye-DNA yakudala ikhomba egatsheni lase-Anatolian lase-Indo-European elisuka ndawana thize eduze ne-arc esenyakatho ye-Fertile Crescent, kunokuba i-Steppe.

UDkt. Heggarty uphakamise ukuthi i-topology yesihlahla somndeni kanye nezinsuku zokuhlukaniswa kozalo zikhomba kwamanye amagatsha okungenzeka asabalele esuka kuleyo ndawo ngokuqondile, hhayi nge-Steppe.