Ngo-May 6, 1950, abasiki be-peat u-Viggo no-Emil Hojgaard babengena exhaphozini i-Bjældskovdal, amakhilomitha angu-12 entshonalanga yeSilkeborg, eDenmark, lapho bethola isidumbu esicwila cishe ngamamitha angu-10 ngaphansi kwamanzi odakeni. Ubuso bomzimba bebufana nempilo ekuqaleni kangangokuba la madoda acabanga ukuthi ngesisulu sakamuva sokubulala ngenkathi bemi phambi kwesinye sezidumbu ezindala kakhulu zodaka emhlabeni.
UTollund Indoda
Waqanjwa ngokuthi “u-Tollund Man” abavubukuli bebiza isigodi lapho kwakuhlala khona izisebenzi. Isidumbu sasinqunu futhi siphumule endaweni yengane, sigqoke isigqoko sesikhumba semvu kanye nomchilo woboya oxhunywe ngaphansi kwesilevu. Yize ibhulukwe lalishoda, wafaka ibhande. Kwatholakala imilimitha yezinhlanga esilevini nasodebeni olungenhla, okubonisa ukuthi washefa ngosuku olwandulela ukufa kwakhe.
Isici esasithakazelisa kakhulu phakathi kokwaziswa okungaka kwakuyisihibe esenziwe ngesikhumba sesilwane esilukiwe esasiboshelwe ngokuqinile entanyeni kaTollund Man, okubonisa ukuthi wayelengisiwe. Naphezu kwesihluku sokufa kwakhe, waqhubeka ezolile, amehlo akhe evalekile futhi izindebe zakhe zigobe sengathi uphindaphinda umthandazo oyimfihlo.
Kwakungenkathi ye-Iron Age, cishe ngo-3,900 BC lapho ezolimo zase zisungulwe kakade e-Europe ngokusebenzisa abalimi abafudukayo, lapho imizimba yabantu yaqala ukungcwatshwa emigodini ye-peat ehlanganisa ingxenye enkulu esenyakatho yezwekazi, lapho izindawo zazimanzi khona.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukushiswa kwesidumbu kwakuyindlela evamile yokulahla abafileyo phakathi naleyo nkathi, abavubukuli banquma ukuthi izidumbu ezingcwatshwa exhaphozini kumelwe ukuba zenzeke ngesizathu esithile, njengasezimweni zemicikilisho. Iningi lezidumbu ezitholwe eDenmark, ngokwesibonelo, zazinezimpawu ezikhombisa umlando wamasiko wokubulala nokungcwaba laba bantu odakeni.
Laba bantu bangaphambi kweRoma, ababephila emiphakathini ebusayo, babefuya izilwane ezithunjiwe futhi baze badobe emaxhaphozini, ababewabheka njengohlobo “lwesango elingaphezu kwemvelo” phakathi kwaleli zwe nelilandelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, babevame ukubeka phezu kwabo iminikelo, enjengemigexo yethusi noma yegolide, amasongo, namasongo onkulunkulukazi nonkulunkulu benzalo nengcebo.
Ngaleyo ndlela abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izidumbu ezazigqitshwe emhlabathini kwakuyimihlatshelo yabantu eya konkulunkulu - ngamanye amazwi, zazibulewe. Izisulu ezitholakale emaxhaphozini aseDenmark bezihlala ziphakathi kweminyaka engu-16 kuya kwengama-20, futhi zazigwazwe, zashaywa, zalengiswa, zahlukunyezwa, zaklinywa, zaze zanqunywa amakhanda.
Ingozi yemvelo yokulondolozwa
Izidumbu bezihlala zinqunu, zinengubo noma umhlobiso - njengoba kwenzeka kuTollund Man, ngokusho kwesazi semivubukulo uPV. Glob. Imvamisa zaziboshwa odakeni ngamatshe noma ngohlobo lwensimbi enamathele, okukhombisa isifiso sangempela sokuzigcina zikhona zingenathemba lokuthi zizovela, kube sengathi kukhona ukukhathazeka ukuthi zingabuya.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali “kwezidumbu zodaka” ezimbili zaseDenmark kwembula ukuthi zazihambe amabanga amade ngaphambi kokuba zife, okubonisa ukuthi zazingezona zakuleyo ndawo. “Unikela ngokuthile okubalulekile nokubalulekile. Mhlawumbe labo abahambela lapho bebebaluleke kakhulu,” kusho uKarin Margarita Frei, usosayensi eNational Museum yaseDenmark.
Imizimba, osekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2,400 ingaphansi kotshani, imangaze wonke umuntu ngenxa yesimo sayo esihle kakhulu sokongiwa kwemvelo, egcwele izinwele, izinzipho, ngisho nesimo sobuso esibonakalayo. Konke lokhu kuhambisana nenqubo evamile, kodwa kubizwa ngokuthi “ingozi yebhayoloji”.
Uma i-peat ifa futhi ithathelwa indawo yi-peat entsha, i-material endala iyabola bese ikhiqiza i-humic acid, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-acid yexhaphozi, enenani le-pH eliqhathaniswa noviniga, okuholela emthelela ofanayo wokulondoloza izithelo. I-Peatlands, ngaphezu kokuba nendawo ene-asidi kakhulu, ine-oksijeni ephansi yokuhlushwa, okuvimbela umzimba webhaktheriya okhuthaza ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo ukuthi zenzeke.
Izidumbu zabekwa abantu phakathi nobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lidlula -4°C, okuvumela ama-acid asexhaphozini agcwale izicubu futhi avimbele inqubo yokubola. Njengoba izingqimba ze-sphagnum zifa, zikhipha ama-polysaccharides, isidumbu sasimbozwe yilobu bulembu emvilophini evimbela ukuhamba kwamanzi, ukubola, nanoma yikuphi ukutholakala kwe-oxygen.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le "ngozi yemvelo" idlala indima ephelele ekulondolozeni isikhumba, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathambo ayonakalisiwe kanti ama-acid asemanzini anexhaphozi abhubhisa i-DNA yomuntu, okwenza izifundo zofuzo zingafinyeleleki. Ngo-1950, ngenkathi uTollund Man efakwa i-X-ray, bathola ukuthi ubuchopho bakhe babunjalo igcinwe kahle, kodwa izakhiwo zonakala.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izicubu ezithambile zezidumbu zanikeza imininingwane eyanele yokuthola ukuthi isidlo sabo sokugcina sasiyini. Indoda kaGrauballe, ngokwesibonelo, wadla iphalishi elenziwe ngezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingu-60, elaliqukethe ama-rye spurs anele ukuze amfake ushevu. UCroghan omdala, owatholakala e-Ireland, wadla inyama eningi, okusanhlamvu, nobisi ngaphambi kokuhudulelwa odakeni.
Ngesikhathi besaphila, iningi lezidumbu zezidumbu zazingondlekile, kodwa ezinye zazibonisa izici ezibonisa ukuthi zinezinga eliphezulu emphakathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthola umuntu ongenakho ukukhubazeka kwakunzima. UMiranda Aldhouse-Green, isazi semivubukulo, ukholelwa ukuthi lezi zici eziyingqayizivele kungenzeka ziholele ekutheni zigcine zingaphansi komgodi njengoba zazibhekwa “njengezikhethekile ngokubukeka.”
Izidumbu ezomdaka ziye zaqhubeka ukuvela eminyakeni edlule, kepha inani lazo alaziwa njengezimo lapho besuka ngaphansi kwezidalwa eziphilayo baya ezidunjini ezisodakeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, balinyazwa kuyo yonke inqubo yokwembiwa kwazise akekho owaziyo ukuthi bazongcwatshwa kuphi, izidumbu zabo ziyancipha futhi zithwele izinkulungwane zeminyaka yolwazi.
Ngemva kokufunda nge-Tollund Man, funda ngayo Imizimba ye-Windover bog, enye yezinto ezitholakala ngokuvubukula eziyinqaba kakhulu ezake zavubukulwa eNyakatho Melika.
