Imibhoshongo emikhulu yaseGiza iwubufakazi bobuhlakani baseGibhithe lasendulo. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka izazi nezazi-mlando zizibuza ukuthi umphakathi onobuchwepheshe obulinganiselwe nezinsizakusebenza wakwazi kanjani ukwakha isakhiwo esihle kangaka. Ekutholakaleni okudabukisayo, abavubukuli bathola Incwadi Yezenzakalo Zezenzakalo KaMerer, enikeza ukukhanya okusha mayelana nezindlela zokwakha ezazisetshenziswa phakathi noBukhosi Besine baseGibhithe lasendulo. Le papyrus esineminyaka engu-4,500 ubudala, endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni, inikeza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe mayelana nokuthuthwa kwamabhulokhi amakhulu e-limestone kanye negwadle, egcina eveza umsebenzi omangalisayo wobunjiniyela ngemuva kweGreat Pyramids of Giza.
Ukuqonda ngedayari kaMerer
UMerer, isikhulu esiphezulu esibizwa ngokuthi umhloli (sHD), wabhala uchungechunge lwezincwadi ze-papyrus manje ezaziwa ngokuthi “The Diary of Merer” noma “Papyrus Jarf.” Kusukela ngonyaka wama-27 wokubusa kukaFaro Khufu, lezi zincwadi zokungena zazibhalwe ngama-hieroglyphs futhi ngokuyinhloko ziqukethe uhlu lwemisebenzi yansuku zonke ka-Merer neqembu lakhe. Izingxenye ezilondolozwe kahle kakhulu, ezilebulwe ngokuthi i-Papyrus Jarf A kanye no-B, zihlinzeka ngemibhalo yokuthuthwa kwamabhulokhi e-limestone amhlophe ukusuka ezinkwalini zaseTura ukuya e-Giza ngesikebhe.
Ukutholwa kabusha kwemibhalo
Ngo-2013, abavubukuli baseFrance uPierre Tallet noGregory Marouard, ababehola umkhankaso e-Wadi al-Jarf ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu, bathola ama-papyrus agqitshwe phambi kwemigede eyenziwe abantu esetshenziselwa ukugcina izikebhe. Lokhu kutholwa kuye kwanconywa njengokunye kokutholwe okubaluleke kakhulu eGibhithe phakathi nekhulu lama-21. UTallet noMark Lehner baze bawubiza ngokuthi “imiqulu YasoLwandle Olubomvu,” beyiqhathanisa “nemiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile,” ukuze bagcizelele ukubaluleka kwayo. Izingxenye ze-papyri okwamanje zikhonjiswa eMnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo.
Izindlela zokwakha eziveziwe
I-Merer's Diary, kanye neminye imivubukulo, inikeze ukuqonda okusha ezindleleni zokwakha ezazisetshenziswa abaseGibhithe lasendulo:
- Amachweba Okwenziwa: Ukwakhiwa kwamachweba kwakuyisikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni waseGibhithe, kwavula amathuba okuhweba anenzuzo enkulu kanye nokusungula ukuxhumana nezindawo ezikude.
- Ezokuthutha Zomfula: Idayari ka-Merer yembula ukusetshenziswa kwezikebhe zokhuni, eziklanywe ngokukhethekile ngamapulangwe nezintambo, ezikwazi ukuthwala amatshe anesisindo esingamathani angu-15. Lezi zikebhe zazigwedlwa ezansi nomfula eduze koMfula iNayile, ekugcineni zithutha amatshe esuka eTura eya eGiza. Cishe njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi, kwakwenziwa uhambo olubili noma kathathu ukuya nokubuya, kuthunyelwa amabhulokhi angaba ngu-30 amathani angu-2–3 lilinye, elilingana namabhulokhi angu-200 ngenyanga.
- Imisebenzi Yamanzi Ehlakaniphile: Njalo ehlobo, izikhukhula zeNayile zazivumela abaseGibhithe ukuba bachezukise amanzi ngesimiso somsele owenziwe umuntu, okwenza itheku elingaphakathi nezwe eliseduze kakhulu nendawo yokwakhiwa kombhoshongo. Lolu hlelo lwenza kube lula ukumiswa kwezikebhe, okwenza ukuba izinto zihambe kahle.
- I-Intricate Boat Assembly: Ngokusebenzisa izikena ze-3D zamapulangwe nokufunda imidwebo yamathuna nemikhumbi yasendulo ehlakaziwe, umvubukuli u-Mohamed Abd El-Maguid uye wakha kabusha ngobunono isikebhe saseGibhithe. Sithungwe kanye nezintambo esikhundleni sezipikili noma izikhonkwane zokhuni, lesi sikebhe sasendulo sisebenza njengobufakazi bobuciko obumangalisayo bangaleso sikhathi.
- Igama langempela le-Great Pyramid: Idayari iphinde ikhulume negama lokuqala le-Great Pyramid: Akhet-Khufu, okusho ukuthi "Horizon of Khufu".
- Ngaphezu kukaMerer, kukhulunywe abanye abantu abambalwa ezingxenyeni. Obaluleke kakhulu u-Ankkhaf (umfowabo kaFaro Khufu), owaziwa kweminye imithombo, okukholakala ukuthi wayeyinkosana futhi eyinkosi ngaphansi kukaKhufu kanye/noma u-Khafre. Embhalweni we-papyrus ubizwa ngokuthi isikhulu (u-Iry-pat) nombonisi we-Ra-shi-Khufu, (mhlawumbe) ichweba laseGiza.
Imithelela kanye nefa
Ukutholakala kwe-Merer's Diary kanye nezinye izinto zobuciko kuphinde kwembule ubufakazi bokuthi kunemali eningi esekela abasebenzi abalinganiselwa ku-20,000 abahililekile kulo msebenzi. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bukhomba emphakathini owazisa futhi unakekela izisebenzi zawo, uhlinzeka ngokudla, indawo yokuhlala, nodumo kulabo ababenza imibhoshongo ewumbhoshongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi wobunjiniyela wabonisa ikhono lamaGibhithe lokusungula izinhlelo zengqalasizinda eziyinkimbinkimbi ezazidlulela ngalé kombhoshongo ngokwawo. Lezi zinhlelo bezizobumba impucuko yeminyaka eyinkulungwane ezayo.
Imicabango yokugcina
I-Merer's Diary inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokuthuthwa kwamatshe amatshe okwakhiwa kwe-Giza Pyramids ngokusebenzisa imisele yamanzi nezikebhe. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abaqinisekayo ngolwazi olutholwe kudayari kaMerer. Ngokwabanye abacwaningi abazimele, kushiya imibuzo engaphenduleki yokuthi lezi zikebhe zazikwazi yini ukuzulazula amatshe amakhulu kunawo wonke asetshenziswa, okwenza kube nokungabaza ukusebenza kwawo. Ukwengeza, idayari iyehluleka ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe indlela enembile eyayisetshenziswa izisebenzi zasendulo ukuze zihlanganise futhi zihlanganise la matshe amakhulu, okushiya oomakhenikha ngemuva kokudalwa kwalezi zakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo ngokuyinhloko embozwe imfihlakalo.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi uMerer, isikhulu saseGibhithe lasendulo okukhulunywe ngaso emibhalweni nasezincwadini zokungena, wafihla noma wakhohlisa ukwaziswa mayelana nenqubo yangempela yokwakha yamaPiramidi aseGiza? Kuwo wonke umlando, imibhalo nemibhalo yasendulo kaningi iye yasetshenziswa, yenziwa ihaba, noma yehliswa isithunzi ngababhali ngaphansi kwethonya leziphathimandla nokubusa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi eminingi yazama ukugcina izindlela zayo zokwakha nezindlela zokwakha ziyimfihlo emibusweni eqhudelanayo. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kumangaze uma uMerer noma abanye ababehilelekile ekwakhiweni kwetshe lesikhumbuzo behlanekezela iqiniso noma bafihle ngamabomu izici ezithile ukuze balondoloze inzuzo yokuncintisana.
Phakathi kokuba khona nokungabi khona kobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu noma imidondoshiya yasendulo, ukutholakala kwe-Merer's Diary kusalokhu kuphawuleka ngempela ekwembuleni izimfihlo zaseGibhithe lasendulo kanye nezingqondo eziyindida zezakhamuzi zakhona.
