Ngesinye isikhathi usomabhizinisi ocebile waseYurophu wabuza indoda endala empofu edlula emgwaqweni, “Ake ungitshele ndoda, ngingakushintshela kanjani lo mphakathi? Ngicabanga ukuthi nginemali eyanele yokwenza lokho. ” Ukuphendula, ikhehla lathi, “Ngeke, angikadli kulezi zinsuku ezintathu ezedlule, yize sengibonile ukudla okuningi okumnandi nomaphi lapho ngangihamba khona. Kimina, kufanele usule igama elithi 'ifa' kulo mphakathi ongeke wakwazi noma ongasoze wakwenza, ngoba ungumuntu ocebile. ” Ukubamba - igama eliguqule konke okusemhlabeni, okubeka impilo entweni engaphili ngemizuzwana, futhi lokho kuthatha izinkulungwane zempilo ngaphandle kokucabanga kwesibili. Ukusho lokhu, kudweba umbuthano ozungeze yonke impilo yomuntu.
Isintu asiguqukanga ngobusuku obubodwa, silandele izinyathelo ezihamba kancane zezimpahla, savela ngokufana. Ngalo mlando omude, umhlaba ubone ukukhuphuka nokwehla okuningi, izimo eziningi ezinkulu nezimbi kakhulu, lapho, abaningi banakho noma abangawushintsha ngokuphelele umhlaba. Eminye itholakala ibhaliwe ezincwadini zethu zokufunda kuyilapho ezinye zingatholakalanga iminyaka, kushiya eminye imibuzo ehluphayo esingathandi ukuyizwa.
Lapha kule ndatshana, sibeke ezinye zalezo zihloko ezingathintwanga, ezingaphikiswa kakhulu kepha ubukhona bazo bungokoqobo njengoba siphila kulomhlaba. Futhi okungaba yisisekelo sokushintsha imibono yakho ngomlando nekusasa lesintu.
1 | Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria
Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria, eGibhithe, kwakuyingxenye yeMusaeum, isikhungo sokucwaninga ngesayensi esizinikele olwazini. Yakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPtolemy II Philadelphus (Reign 284-246 BC). Ababusi bakaPtolemaic baseGibhithe bakhuthaza inqubekela phambili nokuqoqwa kolwazi. Banikeze izifundiswa kososayensi, izazi zefilosofi nezimbongi ukuthi zizohlala e-Alexandria. Esikhundleni salokho, ababusi babethola izeluleko zokuthi babusa kanjani izwe labo elikhulu.
Ekuphakameni kwayo, Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria kwakuqukethe izinkulungwane zemiqulu nezincwadi ezikhuluma ngezibalo, ubunjiniyela, i-physiology, i-geography, amapulani, ezokwelapha, imidlalo yeshashalazi nemibhalo ebalulekile. EGibhithe lasendulo, noma yiziphi izincwadi ezitholakala emikhunjini engena ethekwini, zazizolethwa ngokushesha Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria futhi ukopishwe. Eyokuqala ibizogcinwa kumtapo wezincwadi bese ikhophi ibuyiselwa kumnikazi.
Osaziwayo abavela kulo lonke elaseMedithera babefika e-Alexandria bezofunda. Ukusho, Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria yayineqoqo lezincwadi elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi eliyinkimbinkimbi emlandweni wesintu, futhi iningi lemisebenzi emikhulu yempucuko yasendulo kuze kube yilelo phuzu lalahleka ngoba umtapo wezincwadi wabhujiswa ngokuphelele.
Ukucekelwa phansi komtapo wezincwadi akubangelwe ukushiswa kuphela, lokhu kuyinganekwane. Iqiniso ukuthi lehle kancane kancane eminyakeni edlule. Kodwa-ke, iLabhulali, noma ingxenye yeqoqo layo, yashiswa ngephutha nguJulius Caesar ngesikhathi sempi yombango ngo-48 BC, kodwa akucaci ukuthi empeleni kwacekelwa phansi kangakanani. Kamuva, phakathi kuka-270 no-275 AD, idolobha lase-Alexandria labona ukuhlubuka nokulwa kombuso okungenzeka ukuthi kwacekela phansi noma yini eyayisele eMtatsheni Wezincwadi, uma ngabe yayisekhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ukube umtapo wolwazi usasinda kuze kube yilolu suku, kungenzeka ukuthi umphakathi ubuthuthuke kakhulu futhi besizokwazi kabanzi ngomhlaba wasendulo.
2 | Unyawo oluncane
Ngo-2017, kulandela ukumbiwa kwezimanga ezineminyaka engu-20 eNingizimu Afrika, abacwaningi bagcina bethole futhi bahlanza amathambo aphelele esihlobo sasendulo sabantu: i-hominin eneminyaka ebalelwa ezigidini eziyi-3.67 ebizwa ngegama elithi "Unyawo Oluncane." Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi uLittle Foot wayengahamba aqonde futhi izingalo zakhe zazingezinde njengemilenze yakhe, okusho ukuthi yayinokulingana okufana nokwabantu banamuhla. Kepha ngokusho kososayensi abaningi, uHomo sapiens, abantu bokuqala banamuhla, bavela kubabanduleli babo bokuqala eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-200,000 kanye no-300,000 edlule. Bathuthukise ikhono lolimi eminyakeni engaba ngu-50,000 70,000 edlule. Abantu bokuqala banamuhla baqala ukuhambela ngaphandle kwe-Afrika kusukela eminyakeni engama-100,000-XNUMX edlule. Funda kabanzi
3 | Isayithi leMastodon laseSan Diego
Le ndawo yemaston eSan Diego ingaba ubufakazi bokuthi abantu babehlala eCalifornia ngaphambi kokuba i-US ibe khona - noma amaMelika Omdabu, noma imiphakathi eminingi, ngalolo daba. Isiza saseSan Diego singaba ubufakazi obuncane bokuthi abantu bahlala eCalifornia ngaphambi kwemiphakathi eminingi, ngalolo daba.
4 | Uhlu lweNkosi yaseSumerian
Imvelaphi yempucuko yaseSumeriya eMesopotamiya isaphikiswa nanamuhla, kepha ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi basungula amadolobha angaba yishumi nambili ngenkulungwane yesine BC. Ngokuvamile lezi kwakuyidolobha elikhulu elibiyelwe ngezindonga elibuswa yi-ziggurat — amathempeli anezitezi ezinjengephiramidi ahlotshaniswa nenkolo yamaSumeriya. Amakhaya ayakhiwa ngezinqola zomhlanga noma ngezitini zodaka, futhi kwakhiwa imisele eyinkimbinkimbi yokunisela ukuze kufakwe amanzi athwele udaka weTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe ukulima.
Amadolobha amakhulu aseSumerian afaka phakathi i-Eridu, i-Uri, iNippur, iLagash neKish, kepha enye yezindawo ezindala kunazo zonke futhi eyayidlondlobala kakhulu kwakuyi-Uruk, isikhungo sokuhweba esasichuma esasiziqhayisa ngamamayela ayisithupha ezindonga zokuzivikela kanye nabantu abaphakathi kuka-40,000 no-80,000. Ekuphakameni kwayo cishe nge-2800 BC, kungenzeka ukuthi bekuyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngamazwi alula, amaSumeriya asendulo ayethonye umhlaba kakhulu njengoba ayeyimbangela yempucuko yokuqala yasemadolobheni yomhlaba.
Kuzo zonke izinto zasendulo ezazitholwa esifundeni saseMesopotamiya, “Uhlu Lwamakhosi aseSumeriya” ngempela luyinto eyindida kakhulu. Umbhalo wasendulo ngolimi lwaseSumeriya, owabhalwa emuva kwinkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BCE, okuluhlu lwawo wonke amakhosi akwaSumer, amakhosi abo, izindawo, nezikhathi zamandla. Yize lokhu kungabonakala kungeyona imfihlakalo eningi, yilokho okulotshwe kanye nohlu lwamakhosi okwenza kube yindida kangaka. Kunezakhi zezinganekwane ezifakwe ngaphakathi kuyo. Ngokuhambisana nokuthi ngubani-ngubani wamaSumerians ophethe, i-King List iphinde ifake imicimbi efana noZamcolo Omkhulu kanye nezinganekwane zikaGilgamesh, izindaba ezivame ukubizwa ngezinganekwane ezilula.
5 | Imitapo Yezincwadi ye-Inca yamaRekhodi eQuipu
I-Inca Empire yayibusa izingxenye zezifunda manje ezaziwa ngokuthi iPeru, iChile, i-Ecuador, iBolivia ne-Argentina amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iSpain ihlasele ngo-1533, yachitha amadolobha ayo, futhi yashisa imitapo yolwazi yayo yamarekhodi e-quipu - ulimi lwama-Inca “olubhalwe” ngamafindo nentambo. Yize sazi okuningi ngobuchwepheshe be-Inca, ukwakhiwa kwezolimo kanye nezolimo ezithuthukile - konke lokhu okufakazelwa idolobha elikhulu laseInca iMachu Picchu - asikakwazi ukufunda okusele kwama-tapestries aqukethe amarekhodi abo abhaliwe. Ingxenye ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi asiqondi ukuthi bawuqhuba kanjani umbuso omkhulu ngaphandle kokwakha imakethe eyodwa.
6 | Indawo yaseSumerian
Yize yatholwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-150 eyedlule, iSumerian Planisphere isihunyushwe eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule kuphela, iveze ukubonwa okudala kunakho konke okubhalwe entweni yasemkhathini ezavela emkhathini yafika phezu komhlaba - inkanyezi enomsila. Okuqoshwe kuthebhulethi kunikeza usuku nesikhathi esiqondile lapho i-meteor okusolakala ukuthi yashaya khona eMhlabeni - kwakungu-29 Juni ngo-3123 BC. Ngokwe-Planisphere, lo mcimbi wenzeke eKöfels, e-Austria. Kepha ayikho i-crater endaweni yaseKöfels, ngakho-ke emehlweni wanamuhla akubukeki njengendawo enomthelela okufanele ibukeke, futhi umcimbi waseKöfels uhlala uyinkolelo kuze kube namuhla. Funda kabanzi
7 | I-Toumaï
I-Toumaï yigama elinikezwe owokuqala wezinsalela zezinhlobo ze-Sahelanthropus tchadensis, ogebhezi lwayo olutholakale cishe lonke eChad, e-Afrika Ephakathi, ngonyaka ka-2001. Isondele eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 eyedlule, iToumaï kukholakala ukuthi iyisidalwa esidala kunazo zonke esaziwa kuze kube manje. Kwabanye abantu be-anthropologists, uToumaï angaze abe yisibankwa esibizwa ngokuthi yi-bipedal primate futhi abe ngomunye wabokhokho bokuqala bomugqa wanamuhla womuntu. Funda kabanzi
8 | Ukhakhayi 5
Ngo-2005, ososayensi bathola ugebhezi oluphelele lukakhokho wasendulo endaweni yemivubukulo yaseDmanisi, idolobha elincane eliseningizimu yeGeorgia, eYurophu. Ukhakhayi lungele-hominin engasekho eyaphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.85 edlule! Eyaziwa ngokuthi “Ukhakhayi 5,” isifanekiso semivubukulo siphelele futhi sinobuso obude, amazinyo amakhulu ne-braincase encane, efinyelela umkhawulo wobubanzi obuphansi bokuhlukahluka kwanamuhla. Kepha ososayensi abaningi basakholelwa ukuthi abantu banamuhla bavela ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kuphela, nokuthi abazange baphume baze bayofika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-0.8 edlule. Funda kabanzi
9 | Ukwehla Kwabantu Bomdabu BaseMelika
Ukufika kwabaseYurophu emazweni aseMelika kudale ukuthi abantu boMdabu baseMelika banciphe kakhulu besuka ezigidini eziyishumi nambili ngo-12 baya cishe ku-1500 ngo-237,000. Uhambo lwaseSpain lukaChristopher Columbus lwaqala ukuthola iMelika ngo-1900. Amazwe aseMelika, lapho izigidi zabantu abavela eYurophu zagcina sezizinze emazweni aseMelika.
Inani labantu base-Afrika nabase-Eurasia eMelika lakhula kancane, kuyilapho abantu bomdabu behla. Izifo zase-Eurasia ezinjengomkhuhlane, izifo ezihlasela inyumoniya nengxibongo zababhubhisa abomdabu baseMelika, ababengenalo igciwane kuzo. Ukungqubuzana nokulwa okuqondile nabafika eNtshonalanga Yurophu nezinye izizwe zaseMelika kuqhubeke kunciphisa abantu futhi kuphazamisa imiphakathi yendabuko. Ubungako nezimbangela zokwehla sekube yindaba yokuphikisana ngezifundo, kanye nokuchazwa kwayo njengokuqothulwa kohlanga.
10 | Ikhompyutha Izoshintsha Isintu Ngaphesheya Kokucabanga Kwethu
Ikhompyutha ngumshini ongafundiswa ukuthi usebenze ngokulandelana kokusebenza kwezibalo noma okunengqondo ngokuzenzakalela ngohlelo lwekhompyutha. Amakhompyutha anamuhla anekhono lokulandela amasethi wokusebenza jikelele, abizwa ngokuthi ama-program. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela amakhompyutha ukuthi enze imisebenzi ebanzi ngokweqile.
Ikhompyutha “ephelele” ehlanganisa i-hardware, uhlelo olusebenzayo (isoftware eyinhloko), nemishini yokuphepha edingekayo futhi esetshenziselwe ukusebenza “okuphelele” kungabizwa ngohlelo lwekhompyutha. Leli gama lingasetshenziselwa iqembu lamakhompyutha axhumene futhi asebenze ndawonye, ikakhulukazi inethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha noma iqoqo lamakhompyutha.
Amakhompyutha wangaphambilini akhulelwa kuphela njengamadivayisi wokubala asetshenziselwe ukusiza ukubalwa kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ikakhulukazi esebenzisa ukuxhumana komuntu nomuntu ngeminwe. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, imishini elula yezandla efana ne-abacus, noma ebizwa nangokuthi ifreyimu yokubala, yasiza abantu ekwenzeni izibalo.
Umshini we-Antikythera kukholakala ukuthi uyikhompyutha yokuqala ye-analog. Yenzelwe ukubala ukuma kwezinkanyezi nokusithwa kwelanga ngezinhloso zekhalenda nezinkanyezi. Kutholakale ngo-1901 ku-Antikythera iphahlazeka esiqhingini sase-Greece i-Antikythera, phakathi kweKythera neCrete, futhi kuthiwa senziwa cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 BC.
UCharles Babbage (1791-1871), iphayona lamakhompiyutha, waklama izinjini zokuqala zekhompyutha ezizenzekelayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Waqamba amakhompyutha kodwa wehluleka ukuwakha. I-Babbage Engine yokuqala ephelele yaqedwa eLondon ngo-2002, eminyakeni engu-153 ngemuva kokuba yaklanywa.
Ngemuva kokusebenza kunjini yakhe yenguquko, eyenzelwe ukusiza ekubaleni kwe-navigational, ngo-1833 uBabbage wabona ukuthi umklamo ojwayelekile kakhulu, i-Analytical Engine, wawungenzeka. Okokufaka kwezinhlelo nedatha kwakufanele kunikezwe umshini ngamakhadi afakiwe, okuyindlela esetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi ukuqondisa imishini yokusondela efana ne UJacquard uhamba.
Ngokukhipha, umshini ubuzoba nephrinta, umakhi ojikayo nensimbi. Umshini uzokwazi nokufaka izinombolo emakhadini azofundwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Injini ifake i-logic unit logic unit, control flow ngesimo se-branching enemibandela kanye nama-loops, kanye nememori ehlanganisiwe, okwenza kube ukwakhiwa kokuqala kwekhompyutha enenhloso ejwayelekile engachazwa ngamagama anamuhla njengo-Turing-complete, uhlelo lwemininingwane Imithetho yokuphatha, uhlelo olukwaziyo ukubona noma ukunquma isethi yomthetho owodwa noma ngaphezulu yokusetshenziswa kwedatha.
Ngo-1938, i-United States Navy yayisenze ikhompiyutha ye-elektroni ye-elektroni encane ngokwanele ukuthi ingayisebenzisa esikebheni elingaphansi kolwandle. Le kwakuyi-Torpedo Data Computer, eyayisebenzisa i-trigonometry ukuxazulula inkinga yokudubula i-torpedo kulitshe elihambayo. Ngo-1942, uJohn Vincent Atanasoff noClifford E. Berry base-Iowa State University baklama futhi bahlola i-Atanasoff – Berry Computer (ABC), “ikhompyutha eyidijithali yokuqala”.
Izazi zesikhathi esizayo zikholelwa ukuthi abantu abazalwa ngemuva kuka-1970 bangaphila phakade. Ngonyaka ka-2050, abantu bazofinyelela ukungafi ngokufaka izingqondo zabo kuma-computer bese bebuyela emzimbeni ohlukile wezinto eziphilayo noma owenziwe.
11 | Umdabu Wasendulo Wabasindisa Ngesikhathi Sitsunami Sango-2004
Izinganekwane zasendulo zasindisa izizwe eziningana zomdabu e-Andaman naseNicobar Islands yaseNdiya ngesikhathi seTsunami yango-2004 okwaholela ekulimaleni kwabantu abangu-227,898 XNUMX. Ngenkathi abantu abaningi bendawo kanye nabavakashi bezibonela ngawabo la manzi anciphayo, abomdabu babaleka, becaphuna isexwayiso esivela kusiko labo: “ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kulandelwe udonga oluphakeme lwamanzi.” Bonke babalekele endaweni ephakeme ngaphambi kokuba iTsunami enkulu ihlasele iziqhingi. Awukho umcimbi womlando owaziwayo otshela le ndaba, ngakho bazi kanjani ukuthi kuseyimfihlakalo.
12 | Ngubani Owakhe i-Great Sphinx Of Giza?
IGreat Sphinx yaseGiza, isibalo esikhulu sama-limestone esinomzimba wengonyama nekhanda lendoda egqoke isigqoko sikaFaro, iluphawu lukazwelonke lweGibhithe - lasendulo nolwanamuhla - nesinye sezikhumbuzo esidume kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ngaphandle kwesimo sayo sodumo, izazi zokwakheka komhlaba, abavubukuli, izazi zaseGibhithe nabanye bayaqhubeka nokuphikisana "nemfumbe" kaSphinx ehlala njalo: Impela indala kangakanani? Ukuhlakanipha okuvame kakhulu ukuthi i-monolith icishe ibe neminyaka engama-4,500 2603 ubudala, futhi yakhelwe uKhafre, ufaro wozalo lwesine lwaseGibhithe owayehlala cishe ngo-2578-XNUMX BC.
Kodwa-ke, kunemibono emibili ekholisayo yokusika, okuyiyona, umbono wokuqala ophakamisa ukuthi iGreat Sphinx yakhiwa kudala njengo-10,500 800,000 BC. Ngenkathi omunye umbono uphakamisa ukuthi ungaba neminyaka engaba ngu-XNUMX ubudala. Uma lokhu kuliqiniso, ngubani-ke empeleni owakhe iSphinx Enkulu yaseGibhithe? Funda kabanzi
13 | I-97% Yomlando Wesintu Ilahlekile Namuhla!
Abantu banamuhla baqala ukuvela cishe eminyakeni engama-200,000 edlule, kepha ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi akuqalanga kwaze kwaba cishe eminyakeni engama-5,500 97 eyedlule. Lokho kusho ukuthi cishe i-XNUMX% yomlando wesintu ilahlekile. Funda kabanzi
