Yawancin manyan ci gaba a fagen kiwon lafiya, magani da ilmin halitta na zamaninmu, ta wata hanya ko wata, sun sami asalinsu dangane da wasu gwaji wanda ya ƙunshi mugun mataki na zalunci. Duk da cewa akwai masana kimiyya da ke aiki da tazara mai nisa daga hanyar ɗabi'a, a yau waɗannan ci gaban suna ceton miliyoyin rayuka kowace shekara.
Tabbas, akwai kuma sauran, waɗancan gwaje -gwajen waɗanda kawai ba su yi hidima ba fiye da ciyar da ɗimbin jini na mafi yawan masu bakin ciki da rashin lafiya, da sunan kimiyya. Muna gayyatar ku don sanin guda biyu mafi munin gwajin ɗan adam a tarihi: Gwajin Tuskegee da gwajin cutar sikila a Guatemala.
"Gwajin Tuskegee"
Ana ɗaukarsa azaman ɗayan mafi tsananin gwaji a cikin tarihi, musamman saboda tsayinsa, shari'ar Tuskegee na cutar syphilis da ba a bi da ita ba a cikin baƙar fata maza - wanda aka fi sani da kawai "Gwajin Tuskegee" - yana da ƙima a cikin kowane hanya a cikin ɗabi'ar likitancin Amurka.
Wannan binciken ne wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1932 a Tuskegee, Alabama, wanda ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka suka gudanar, inda suka bincika illar cutar sikila a cikin mutane idan ba a bi da su ba. Kusan mutane 400 masu launin fata, ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba na asalin zuriyar Afro kuma sun kamu da ciwon sikila, sun shiga cikin wannan mummunan gwaji mai rikitarwa da son rai ba tare da izini ba.
Likitoci sun gano su da wata cuta ta ƙarya da suka kira "mugun jini" kuma ba a taɓa yi musu magani ba, amma an lura da su ne kawai don fahimtar yadda cutar ta samo asali a lokacin da ba a yi maganin ta ba kuma idan tana da haɗari ga rayuwa.
Lokacin da ya zama sananne a cikin 1947 cewa penicillin na iya kawo ƙarshen wannan cutar, ba a yi amfani da ita ba kuma har zuwa 1972 (daidai bayan shekaru 40), lokacin da wata jarida ta ba da sanarwar jama'a, cewa hukumomi sun yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshen gwajin.
Wannan yanayin gaba ɗaya yana da kyakkyawan fa'idarsa a cikin shekarun bayan ƙarshensa, saboda ya haifar da manyan canje -canje a cikin kariyar doka ta marasa lafiya da mahalarta cikin karatun asibiti. 'Yan tsirarun wadanda suka tsira daga wadannan gwaje -gwajen na rashin tausayi sun sami afuwa daga tsohon shugaban kasa Bill Clinton.
Gwajin cutar kanjamau a Guatemala
Baya ga gwaje -gwajen Tuskegee, masanan kimiyyar Amurka da ba su gamsu da su ba, wanda tunanin marasa lafiya iri ɗaya ke jagoranta: John Charles Cutler, ya gudanar da gwajin cutar sikila a Guatemala tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1948, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin karatu da ayyukan da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi, a ƙasashen Guatemala. . A wannan yanayin, da gangan likitoci sun kamu da adadi mai yawa na 'yan ƙasar Guatemala, daga masu tabin hankali zuwa fursunoni, karuwai, sojoji, tsofaffi har ma da yara daga gidajen marayu.
A bayyane yake, sama da mutane 1,500 da abin ya shafa ba su san menene abin da likitocin suka ɗora musu ba ta hanyar yin allurar kai tsaye, kasancewar sun kamu da cutar sikila, ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin STDs. Da zarar sun kamu da cutar, an ba su jerin magunguna da magunguna don ganin ko zai yiwu a hana yaduwar cutar.
Akwai shaidar cewa, a tsakanin sauran hanyoyin da ake bi don kamuwa da cuta, likitoci sun biya waɗanda abin ya shafa don yin lalata da karuwai masu kamuwa da cutar, yayin da a wasu lokuta, an sami rauni akan azzakarin wanda aka azabtar sannan aka fesa shi da manyan al'adun ƙwayoyin siiflis (Treponema pallidum).
Babban zaluncin wannan gwaji, wanda-kamar na Tuskegee, babu shakka yana da zurfin tunanin wariyar launin fata a bayan sa-ya haifar da babbar illa a cikin al'ummar Guatemala wanda a cikin 2010, Amurka ta nemi afuwar jama'a, ta sake nazarin batun.
Wannan ya faru a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, lokacin da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Hillary Clinton, tare da Sakataren Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a, Kathleen Sebelius, suka ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da neman afuwa ga jama'ar Guatemala da duk duniya don gwaje -gwajen. . Ba tare da wata shakka ba, ɗayan wuraren duhu mafi duhu a tarihin kimiyya.
