Gwaje -gwajen kimiyya 25 mafi ban tsoro a tarihin ɗan adam

Dukanmu mun san kimiyya game da 'ganowa' da 'bincike' waɗanda ke maye gurbin jahilci da camfi da ilimi. Kuma kowace rana, tarin gwaje -gwajen kimiyya masu ban sha'awa sun ɗauki muhimmiyar rawa don cimma tsayi a fannoni kamar biomedicine da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, yana mai sa ta zama hanya mai ban mamaki don haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don tattara ingantattun bayanai, kula da rashin lafiyar jiki ko ta hankali, har ma da adanawa mu daga wasu munanan yanayi a lokaci guda. Amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da yin wasu kyawawan abubuwa masu ban mamaki. A cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, masana kimiyya da sunan binciken majagaba sun gudanar da wasu munanan gwaje -gwaje masu ban mamaki da ban tausayi a tarihin ɗan adam waɗanda da gaske za su mamaye ɗan adam har abada.

Anan, mai zuwa jerin jerin gwaje -gwajen kimiyya mafi tayar da hankali, masu ban tsoro da rashin ɗabi'a da aka taɓa yi a tarihin ɗan adam wanda da gaske zai ba ku mafarki mai ban tsoro a cikin barcin ku:

1 | Yesu Kiristoci Uku

A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, masanin ilimin halin ɗabi'a Milton Rokeach ya sami maza uku da ke fama da rudanin zama Yesu. Kowane mutum yana da nasu ra'ayin musamman na ko su wanene. Rokeach ya sa aka tara su a Asibitin Jihar Ypsilanti na Michigan kuma ya gudanar da gwaji inda aka sanya marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali su zauna tare na tsawon shekaru biyu, a kokarin tantance ko imaninsu zai canza.

Kusan nan da nan, sun faɗi cikin muhawara a matsayin wanene ainihin Yesu. Wani mara lafiya zai yi ihu ga wani, "A'a, za ku bauta min!" haɓaka gardama. Tun daga farko, Rokeach ya yi amfani da rayuwar marasa lafiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar babban yanayi don ba da amsa ta motsin rai. A ƙarshe, babu ɗayan marasa lafiya da aka warkar. Rokeach ya dasa wasu tambayoyi game da tsarin jinyarsa wanda sakamakonsa bai kammala ba kuma ba shi da ƙima.

2 | Gwajin Fursunonin Stanford

A cikin 1971, gwaji a Jami'ar Stanford a California ya tabbatar da cewa ɗan adam, har ma waɗanda ba ma tsammanin su, a zahiri suna da ɓangaren baƙin ciki wanda ke buɗewa saboda wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Philip Zimbardo da ƙungiyar bincikensa sun ɗauki ɗaliban karatun digiri na 24 kuma sun ba su matsayi a matsayin fursunoni ko masu gadi, a cikin kurkukun izgili a harabar.

Duk da umarnin kada a yi amfani da kowane irin tashin hankali wajen riƙe iko da oda, bayan fewan kwanaki kawai, ɗaya cikin kowane mai gadi uku ya nuna halayen baƙin ciki, dole ne a cire fursunoni biyu da wuri saboda raunin motsin rai, kuma duk gwajin ya wuce shida kwanaki 14 da aka shirya. Ya nuna yadda sauƙin mutane na yau da kullun za su iya zama masu cin mutunci, a cikin yanayin da ake samun sauƙin shiga, koda kuwa ba su nuna alamun kafin gwajin ba.

3 | Kwakwalwar Dan Adam - An Kama shi a cikin Mouse!

Masu bincike a Cibiyar Salk da ke La Jolla sun gano yadda ake haɓaka ƙwayoyin kwakwalwar ɗan adam ta hanyar allurar ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin mahaifa a cikin berayen tayi. Wannan ya haɗu da tagwayen abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin sel da bincike na transgenic don ba mu ko dai supersmart squirmy mice jarirai, ko mutanen da ke da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwa.

4 | Ƙwararrun Humanan Adam na Nazari

A cikin tarihin ɗan adam, an ba da rahoton cewa muguntar likitancin da Nazis ta yi shine mafi ban mamaki da tashin hankali abubuwan da aka rubuta sosai kuma abin ban tsoro ne. An gudanar da gwaje -gwajen a sansanonin tattara hankali, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta sun haifar da mutuwa, naƙasa, ko naƙasasshe.

Za su yi ƙoƙarin jujjuya ƙashi, tsoka, da jujjuyawar jijiya; bayyanar da wadanda abin ya shafa ga cututtuka da iskar gas; haifuwa, da duk wani abin da sanannun likitocin Nazi za su iya tunani.

Anyi gwajin mafi muni a cikin 1940 ta wani likitan Nazi mai suna Josef Mengele, wanda kuma aka sani da "Mala'ikan Mutuwa". Ya yi amfani da kusan tagwaye 1,500, galibi Romany da yaran yahudawa, don gwaje -gwajen jininsa masu raɗaɗi a Auschwitz. Kimanin 200 ne kawai suka tsira. Gwaje -gwajen da ya yi sun haɗa da ɗaukar ƙwallon ido na tagwaye guda ɗaya da liƙa shi a bayan kan tagwayen, canza launin idanu na yara ta allurar fenti, sanya su cikin ɗakunan matsa lamba, gwada su da kwayoyi, jefa ko daskarewa har zuwa mutuwa, da fallasa ga iri -iri. sauran raunuka. A wani misali, an haɗa tagwayen Romany biyu a ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar tagwaye masu haɗe.

Baya ga wannan, a cikin 1942, don taimakawa matukan jirgi na Jamus, Sojojin Sama na Jamus (Nazi) sun kulle fursunoni daga maida hankali na Dachau zuwa cikin ɗakin iska, mara ƙarfi. An ƙawata ɗakin kamar yadda yanayin da ke cikinsa ya kai tsayin mita 66,000. Wannan gwaji mai haɗari ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 80 cikin 200. Wadanda suka tsira an kashe su ta hanyoyi daban -daban masu ban tsoro.

Abin da ke da ban tsoro kuma shine yadda wannan bayanin yake da amfani ga ilimin likitanci. Adadi mai yawa na ilimin mu game da yadda mafi girman-tsayin-wuri, sanyin sanyin jiki da sanyin mutane ke dogara akan wannan bayanan da aka tattara daga irin waɗannan munanan gwaje-gwajen. Mutane da yawa sun yi tambayoyi game da ɗabi'a ta amfani da bayanan da aka tattara a ƙarƙashin irin wannan mummunan yanayi.

5 | Nazarin Dodo

A cikin 1939, masu bincike na Jami'ar Iowa Wendell Johnson da Mary Tudor sun gudanar da gwajin gutsurewa akan yara marayu 22 a Davenport, Iowa; suna cewa za su karɓi maganin magana. Likitocin sun raba yaran gida biyu, na farko sun sami ingantacciyar maganin magana inda aka yabawa yara kan iya magana.

A cikin rukuni na biyu, yara sun karɓi maganin magana mara kyau kuma an ƙasƙantar da su ga kowane aji na magana. Yara masu magana da al'ada a cikin rukuni na biyu sun sami matsalolin magana wanda daga nan suka ci gaba da rayuwarsu. Tsoratar da labarin gwajin ɗan adam da Nazis ya yi, Johnson da Tudor ba su taɓa buga sakamakon su ba "Nazarin Dodo."

6 | Lambar Shaida Mai Shuka

Gano mitar rediyo (RFID) yana amfani da filayen electromagnetic don ganewa ta atomatik da bin diddigin alamun da aka haɗe da abubuwa. Alamomin sun ƙunshi bayanan da aka adana ta hanyar lantarki. Na farko RFID dasawa a cikin ɗan adam ya kasance a cikin 1998, kuma tun daga lokacin ya kasance zaɓi mai sauƙi ga mutanen da ke son zama ɗan cyborg. Yanzu kamfanoni, gidajen yari, da asibitoci suna da su FDA yarda don dasa su cikin daidaikun mutane, don bin diddigin inda mutane ke tafiya. Wani babban lauyan kasar Mekziko ya samu ma’aikatansa 18 da aka yi wa yankan rago wanda ke da damar samun takardu. Kasancewar kasuwancin da ke tilasta wa ma'aikatansa karɓar allurar kowane nau'in abu ne mai ban tsoro da kuma na kowa.

7 | Sabbin Gwajin Jarirai (A cikin 1960s)

A cikin shekarun 1960, masu bincike a Jami'ar Kalifoniya sun yi amfani da jarirai kusan 113 masu shekara daya zuwa uku a gwaje -gwaje daban -daban don nazarin canje -canjen hawan jini da kwararar jini. A daya daga cikin gwaje -gwajen, an daura jarirai 50 daban -daban a kan hukumar kaciya. Daga nan aka karkatar da su zuwa wani kusurwa don yin jini ya yi sauri zuwa kan su don a gwada hawan jininsu.

8 | Gwajin Radiation Akan Mata Masu Ciki

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, an gwada kayan rediyo akan mata masu juna biyu. Masu binciken likitanci a Amurka sun ba da abinci mai rediyo ga mata masu juna biyu 829 yayin da suke aiki akan ra'ayinsu na rediyo da yaƙin sunadarai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. An shaida wa wadanda abin ya rutsa da su cewa an ba su 'abin sha na makamashi' wanda zai inganta lafiyar jariransu. Ba wai kawai jariran sun mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo ba, amma kuma uwaye sun gamu da munanan rashes da raunuka, tare da wasu cututtukan daji.

9 | ku Sigmund Freud da Lamarin Emma Eckstein

A ƙarshen karni na goma sha tara, Eckstein ya zo Freud don a yi masa magani don ciwon jijiya. Ya gano ta da ciwon hauka da yawan al'aura. Abokinsa Willhelm Fleis ya yi imanin cewa za a iya magance ciwon ciki da yawan al'aura ta hanyar sanya hanci a hanci, don haka ya yi wa Eckstein tiyata inda da gaske ya ƙone hanyoyin hanci. Ta yi fama da munanan cututtuka, kuma an bar ta a lalace har abada kamar yadda Fleiss ya bar mashin tiyata a sashin hanci. Sauran mata sun sha wahala ta irin wannan gwaji.

10 | Gwajin Milgram

Munanan gwaje-gwajen “girgiza” da Stanley Milgram ya gudanar a cikin shekarun 1960 a cikin sanannun gwaje-gwajen ilimin halin dan Adam a can, kuma da kyakkyawan dalili. Ya nuna irin nisan da mutane za su yi idan aka ba da umurnin su cutar da wani ta wani jami'in hukuma. Sanannen binciken ilimin halin ɗabi'a ya kawo masu sa kai waɗanda suke tunanin suna shiga cikin gwaji inda za su isar da girgiza ga wani batun gwaji.

Likita ya buƙaci su ba da babbar girgizawa, farawa daga 15 volts zuwa ƙare a babban ɗigon 450, koda lokacin da “batun gwajin” ya fara ihu cikin zafi kuma (a wasu lokuta) ya mutu. A zahiri, gwajin shine don ganin yadda mutane masu biyayya za su kasance lokacin da likita ya gaya musu su yi wani abu wanda a bayyane yake mai ban tsoro kuma mai yuwuwar mutuwa.

Yawancin mahalarta gwajin sun yarda su girgiza “batutuwan gwaji” ('yan wasan da Milgram ya yi hayar wanda ya ba da halayen karya) har sai sun yi imani wadancan batutuwa sun ji rauni ko sun mutu. Daga baya, mahalarta da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun yi baƙin ciki har tsawon rayuwa bayan sun gano cewa suna iya yin irin wannan halin rashin tausayi.

11 | Robert Heath na Harkokin Jima'i na Wutar Lantarki

Robert G. Heath wani likitan kwakwalwa ne dan Amurka wanda ya bi ka'idar 'ilimin halin dan Adam' cewa lahani na kwayoyin halitta shine kawai tushen cutar tabin hankali, kuma saboda haka matsalolin kwakwalwa ana iya magance su ta hanyar jiki. Don tabbatar da hakan, a cikin 1953, Dokta Heath ya saka wayoyin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwar wani batun kuma ya girgiza yankin septal - wanda ke da alaƙa da jin daɗin jin daɗi - da sauran sassan kwakwalwarsa.

Amfani da wannan zurfin motsawar kwakwalwa hanya, ya gwada a kan batun tare da ilimin jujjuyawar gay kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami nasarar canza ɗan luwaɗi, wanda aka yiwa alama a cikin takardarsa Mai haƙuri B-19. Daga nan aka kunna wutan lantarki na septal yayin da aka nuna masa kayan batsa na maza da mata. Daga baya an ƙarfafa mai haƙuri don yin jima'i da wata karuwa da aka ɗauko don binciken. A sakamakon haka, Heath ya yi iƙirarin cewa an sami nasarar canza mai haƙuri zuwa jinsi. Koyaya, wannan binciken za a ɗauka azaman rashin da'a a yau saboda dalilai iri -iri na ɗan adam.

12 | Masanin Kimiyya Ya Bar Kwari Ya Zama Cikinta!

Tashin yashi, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙugiyar chigger, kyakkyawa ce. Yana shiga cikin fata na mai masaukin jini-kamar ɗan adam-inda yake kumburi, najasa, da samar da ƙwai, kafin ya mutu makonni 4-6 daga baya, har yanzu yana cikin fata. Mun san abubuwa da yawa game da su, amma har zuwa yanzu, rayuwar jima'i ta kasance cikin rufin asiri. Ba kuma: Wani mai bincike a Madagascar yana da sha'awar ci gaban ƙurar ƙura cewa ta bar ɗayan kwari ya zauna cikin ƙafarta na tsawon watanni 2. Abubuwan da ta lura da su sun gamsu: Ta yi tunanin cewa mai yiwuwa parasites na iya yin jima'i lokacin da mata ke cikin masu masaukin su.

13 | Stimoceiver

José Delgado, farfesa a Yale, ya ƙirƙira Stimocever, rediyon da aka dasa a cikin kwakwalwa don sarrafa hali. Mafi mahimmanci, ya nuna ingancinsa ta hanyar dakatar da bijimin caji tare da abin da aka dasa. Sai dai wannan abu zai iya sarrafa ayyukan mutane. A wani yanayi, abin da aka saka ya haifar da motsawar sha'awa ga mace, wacce ta daina kula da kanta kuma ta rasa wasu ayyukan motsa jiki bayan amfani da abin ƙarfafawa. Har ma ta sami ulcer a yatsanta daga daidaita daidaiton bugun amplitude.

14 | ku THN1412 Gwajin Magunguna

A cikin 2007, an fara gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi don Farashin THN1412, maganin cutar sankarar bargo. An riga an gwada shi a cikin dabbobi kuma an same shi lafiya. Gabaɗaya, ana ganin magani yana da aminci don gwada ɗan adam lokacin da aka same shi mara ƙima ga dabbobi. Lokacin da aka fara gwaji a cikin batutuwa na ɗan adam, an ba mutane allurai sau 500 ƙasa da samun lafiya ga dabbobi. Koyaya, wannan maganin, mai lafiya ga dabbobi, ya haifar da gazawar gabobin jiki a cikin batutuwan gwaji. Anan bambancin dabbobi da mutane ya mutu.

15 | Dokta William Beaumont Da Ciki

A cikin 1822, wani ɗan kasuwa mai fata a tsibirin Mackinac a Michigan an harbe shi cikin haɗari kuma Dr. William Beaumont ya yi masa magani. Duk da tsinkayen tsinkaye, mai siyar da gashin ya tsira - amma tare da rami (fistula) a cikin ciki wanda bai taɓa warkewa ba. Gane damar musamman don lura da tsarin narkewar abinci, Beaumont ya fara gudanar da gwaje -gwaje. Beaumont zai ɗaure abinci zuwa kirtani, sannan a saka shi ta cikin ramin cikin ɗan kasuwa. Kowane 'yan awanni, Beaumont zai cire abincin don lura da yadda aka narkar da shi. Kodayake abin ban tsoro ne, gwajin Beaumont ya haifar da yarda duniya cewa narkewa sunadarai ne, ba inji ba.

16 | Ayyukan CIA MK-ULTRA & QKHILLTOP

MK-ULTRA sunan lambar ne don jerin gwaje-gwajen binciken kula da hankali na CIA, wanda ya cika sosai a cikin tambayoyin sunadarai da LSD dosing. A cikin aiki Tsakar dare, sun yi hayar karuwai don yin amfani da abokan ciniki tare da LSD don ganin tasirin sa akan mahalartan da ba sa so. Ainihin manufar hukumar Gwamnati da ke ƙoƙarin sarrafa hankali, duka don haɓaka ƙwarewar tunanin abokanta, da lalata na abokan gabanta, abin tsoro ne.

A cikin 1954, CIA ta haɓaka gwajin da ake kira Aikin QKHILLTOP don nazarin dabarun wanke kwakwalwa na kasar Sin, wanda daga nan suka yi amfani da su wajen kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin yin tambayoyi. Jagoran binciken shine Dr. Harold Wolff na Makarantar Likitan Jami’ar Cornell. Bayan ya nemi CIA ta ba shi bayanai kan ɗaurin kurkuku, rashi, wulakanci, azabtarwa, wankewar kwakwalwa, raɗaɗi, da ƙari, ƙungiyar bincike ta Wolff ta fara tsara wani tsari wanda ta hanyar su za su samar da magunguna na ɓoye da hanyoyin ɓarna da kwakwalwa daban -daban. Dangane da wasiƙar da ya rubuta, don cikakken gwada tasirin binciken mai cutarwa, Wolff ya yi tsammanin CIA za ta “samar da batutuwan da suka dace.

17 | Cire Sassan Jiki Don Magance Hauka

Dokta Henry Cotton shi ne babban likitan New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum wanda a yanzu ake kira Asibitin tabin hankali na Trenton. Ya gamsu da cewa gabobin ciki, lokacin haɓaka kamuwa da cuta, sune tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da hauka kuma don haka, dole ne a fitar da su don yin nazari. A shekara ta 1907, an kafa ƙungiyar "Bacteriology na tiyata" an yi hanyoyin sau da yawa ba tare da izinin marasa lafiya ba. Hakora, tonsils har ma da zurfin gabobin ciki kamar hanji waɗanda ake zargi da haifar da hauka an ciro su. Don tabbatar da maganarsa, likitan ya kuma cire hakoran nasa, da na matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa! Marasa lafiya arba'in da tara sun mutu daga hanyoyin, wanda ya baratar da su "Ƙarshen psychosis." A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar shi ƙwararren masani wanda ya buɗe hanya don ƙoƙarin warkar da hauka - amma har yanzu masu sukar suna ganin ayyukansa abin ban tsoro ne, duk da haka!

18 | Hepatitis A Yara Masu Raunin Hankali

A cikin shekarun 1950, Makarantar Jiha ta Willowbrook, cibiyar da jihar New York ke kula da yara masu nakasa, ta fara fuskantar barkewar cutar hepatitis. Saboda yanayin rashin tsafta, kusan babu makawa waɗannan yaran za su kamu da ciwon hanta. Dakta Saul Krugman, wanda aka aika don binciken barkewar cutar, ya ba da shawarar gwajin da zai taimaka wajen samar da allurar rigakafi. Duk da haka, gwajin ya buƙaci kamuwa da yara da cutar da gangan. Kodayake binciken Krugman ya kasance mai kawo rigima tun daga farko, a ƙarshe masu sukar sun yi shiru da wasiƙun izinin da aka samu daga iyayen kowane yaro. A zahirin gaskiya, ba da ɗan mutum ga gwajin ya kasance sau da yawa shine kawai hanyar tabbatar da shigar cikin cibiyoyin cunkoso.

19 | ku Gwajin Dan Adam A Tarayyar Soviet

Tun daga 1921 kuma ya ci gaba da zuwa mafi yawan karni na 21, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi amfani da dakunan gwaje -gwaje na guba da aka sani da Dakin gwaji 1, Dakin Labarai 12, da Kamera a matsayin wuraren bincike na boye na hukumomin 'yan sanda na sirri. Fursunoni daga Gulags sun fallasa abubuwa masu guba da yawa, manufar su ita ce gano wani sinadari mara daɗi, mara ƙamshi wanda ba za a iya gano shi ba bayan mutuwar. Guba da aka gwada sun haɗa da gas mustard, ricin, digitoxin, da curare, da sauransu. An kawo maza da mata masu shekaru daban -daban da yanayin jiki zuwa dakunan gwaje -gwaje kuma aka basu guba a matsayin “magani,” ko wani ɓangare na abinci ko abin sha.

20 | ku Tsayawa Kan Kare Rayayye

A ƙarshen 1920s, likitan Soviet mai suna Sergei Brukhonenko ya yanke shawarar gwada ka'idar sa, ta hanyar gwaji mai ban tsoro. Ya datse kan kare kuma ya yi amfani da injin da aka ƙera da kansa 'autojektor,'ya yi nasarar rayar da kan na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa. Ya haskaka hasken idanunta, idanun suka yi lumshe. Lokacin da ya buga guduma a kan teburin, karen ya karye. Har ma ya ciyar da wani ɗan cuku, wanda nan da nan ya fitar da bututun oesophagal a ɗayan ƙarshen. Shugaban yana da rai. Brukhonenko ya haɓaka sabon sigar autojektor (don amfani akan mutane) a cikin shekarar guda; ana iya ganinsa a yau akan nuni a gidan adana kayan aikin tiyata na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cibiyar kimiyya ta Bakulev na tiyata a zuciya.

21 | ku Aikin Li'azaru

A cikin shekarun 1930, Dokta Robert E. Cornish, matashin masanin kimiyyar California wanda ya ba al'umma mamaki ta hanyar kawo mataccen kare, Li'azaru, ya dawo rayuwa bayan yunƙurin sau uku da bai yi nasara ba. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami hanyar adana rayuwar matattu; a lokuta babu ɗayan manyan gabobin da suka lalace. A cikin wannan tsari, zai sanya wasu cakuda sinadarai ta cikin jijiyoyin gawawwakin. Yanzu yana shirin maimaita gwajinsa ta amfani da batutuwa na mutane. Don haka ya roki gwamnonin jihohi uku, Colorado, Arizona da Nevada da su ba shi gawarwakin masu laifi bayan da aka ce sun mutu a dakunan gas mai guba - amma an ƙi amincewa da buƙatun nasa bisa dalilai daban -daban. Koyaya, jin halin da yake ciki, kusan mutane 50, masu sha'awar kimiyya da yuwuwar samun lada, sun ba da kansu a matsayin batutuwa.

22 | Gwajin Dan Adam A Koriya ta Arewa

Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka sauya sheka daga Koriya ta Arewa sun ba da labarin ganin abubuwan tashin hankali na gwajin mutum. A cikin gwajin da aka yi zargin, an bai wa fursunoni mata 50 lafiya ganyen kabeji mai guba - dukkan mata 50 sun mutu cikin mintuna 20. Sauran gwaje-gwajen da aka bayyana sun haɗa da aikin tiyata kan fursunoni ba tare da an yi musu allurar rigakafi ba, yunwa mai niyya, bugun fursunoni a kai kafin amfani da masu cutar da zombie don aiwatar da manufa, da ɗakunan da ake kashe iyalai gaba ɗaya da iskar gas. An ce a kowane wata, bakar motar da aka sani da “hankaka” tana tattarawa 40-50 mutane daga sansani kuma ya kai su wurin da aka sani don gwaji.

23 | Aversion Project

An gudanar da aikin kyamar gwajin a lokacin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Dakta Aubrey Levin ke jagoranta, shirin ya gano sojoji 'yan luwadi daga cikin sojoji tare da yi masu azabtarwa mai tsanani na likita. Tsakanin 1971 da 1989, an gabatar da sojoji da yawa a cikin simintin siminti da maganin girgiza wutar lantarki. Lokacin da ba za su iya canza yanayin jima'i na wasu waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, sun tilasta sojoji a cikin ayyukan canza jima'i. An ba da rahoton cewa maza 900 'yan luwadi, galibi tsakanin shekarun 16 zuwa 24, an yi musu tiyata a cikin matan.

24 | Raka'a 731

A 1937, da Sojojin Japan sun yi irin gwajin dabbanci mafi muni a tarihin ɗan adam, kodayake ba a san su sosai ba fiye da gwajin Nazi-me yasa, za ku same shi bayan ɗan lokaci. Ita ce ke da alhakin wasu manyan laifukan yaƙin da Imperial Japan ta aiwatar.

An gudanar da gwajin ne a garin Pingfang da ke jihar Manchukuo ta kasar Japan (yanzu arewa maso gabashin China). Sun gina katafaren katafaren gini mai dauke da gine -gine 105 kuma sun kawo batutuwan gwaji ciki har da jarirai, tsofaffi da mata masu juna biyu. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa sun gwada su Sinawa ne yayin da kaso mafi karanci ya kasance Soviet, Mongolian, Korean, da sauran POWs Allied POWs.

Dubun -dubatar su an yi musu tiyata, suna yi wa fursunoni tiyata, suna cire gabobi don yin nazarin illolin cutar a jikin ɗan adam, galibi ba tare da maganin sa barci ba kuma galibi yana ƙarewa da mutuwar waɗanda abin ya shafa. An gudanar da waɗannan yayin da marasa lafiya ke da rai saboda ana tunanin mutuwar batun zai shafi sakamakon. Fursunoni an yanke musu gabobi don nazarin asarar jini. Wadancan gabobin da aka cire wani lokacin ana sake haɗa su zuwa sabanin sassan jikin.

Wasu fursunoni an yi musu tiyata ta tiyata aka sake haɗa mashin ɗin cikin hanji. An cire sassan gabobi, kamar kwakwalwa, huhu, da hanta daga wasu fursunoni. Wasu asusun suna ba da shawarar cewa yin fa'ida akan batutuwan ɗan adam ya bazu ko da a waje Sashin 731.

Baya ga waɗannan, an yi wa fursunoni allurar cututtuka irin su ciwon sikila da gonorrhea, don yin nazarin illolin cututtukan da ba a bi da su ba. Fursunoni mata kuma an sha fuskantar fyade daga masu gadin kuma an tilasta musu yin ciki don amfani da gwaji. Kayayyakin da suka kamu da annoba da ke cikin bama-bamai an jefa su a wurare daban-daban. An yi amfani da su azaman makasudin ɗan adam don gwada gurnetin da aka sanya a wurare daban -daban. An gwada masu ƙone wuta a kansu kuma an ɗaure su da gungumen azaba kuma an yi amfani da su azaman makasudin gwada bama-baman da ke sakin ƙwayoyin cuta, makamai masu guba, da bama-bamai masu fashewa.

A wasu gwaje-gwajen, an hana fursunoni abinci da ruwa, an sanya su cikin manyan matsin lamba har zuwa mutuwa; an gwada don tantance alaƙa tsakanin zafin jiki, ƙonawa, da rayuwar ɗan adam; sanya shi a cikin centrifuges kuma ya juya har zuwa mutuwa; allura da jinin dabba; fallasa ga allurai masu mutuwa na x-ray; sanya makamai masu guba daban -daban a cikin dakunan gas; allura da ruwan teku; kuma a ƙone ko a binne da rai. Akalla maza, mata, da yara 3,000 aka shigo da su can, kuma babu rahoton wadanda suka tsira daga Rukunin 731.

Sashin ya sami tallafi mai karimci daga gwamnatin Japan har zuwa karshen yakin a 1945. Maimakon a yi masa shari’a kan laifukan yaki bayan yakin, masu binciken da ke cikin Sashi na 731 Amurka ta ba su kariya a asirce a madadin bayanan da suka taru ta hanyar gwajin mutum.

25 | ku Gwajin Tuskegee da Guatemala Syphilis

Tsakanin shekarun 1932 da 1972, 399 matalautan talakawan Afirka Ba'amurke a Tuskegee, Alabama, tare da cutar siifilis an ɗauke su cikin shirin kyauta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka don magance cutar su. Amma masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gwaji a kan marasa lafiya a asirce, inda suka musanta ingantaccen magani (penicillin) koda bayan ya wanzu; kawai don ganin yadda cutar za ta ci gaba idan ba a yi maganin ta ba. A cikin 1973, batutuwan sun shigar da karar matakin-a-zo-a-gani a kan gwamnatin Amurka saboda gwajinsu mai cike da shakku wanda ke haifar da manyan canje-canje a cikin dokokin Amurka kan yarda da izini a cikin gwajin likita.

Daga 1946 zuwa 1948, gwamnatin Amurka, shugaban Guatemala Juan José Arévalo, da wasu ma'aikatun kiwon lafiya na Guatemala sun ba da haɗin kai a cikin gwajin ɗan adam da ke damun 'yan ƙasar Guatemala da ba su sani ba. Likitoci da gangan sun kamu da sojoji, karuwai, fursunoni, da masu tabin hankali da ke fama da ciwon sikila da sauran cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i don ƙoƙarin bin diddigin ci gaban da ba a magance su ba. Bi da maganin rigakafi kawai, gwajin ya haifar da aƙalla mutuwar mutane 30. A cikin 2010, Amurka ta nemi gafara ga Guatemala saboda shigarsu cikin waɗannan gwaje -gwajen.

Waɗannan wasu gwaje -gwajen kimiyya ne masu tayar da hankali da rashin ɗabi'a da aka taɓa yi a tarihin ɗan adam da muka samo daga tushe daban -daban masu amintattu. Koyaya, akwai ƙarin abubuwan kimiyya masu ban tsoro da suka faru a lokacin kisan kiyashi na tarihin duniya amma ba duka aka rubuta su daidai ba. Gabaɗaya muna duban masana kimiyya da mamaki, amma da sunan ci gaba, waɗannan munanan gwaje -gwajen kimiyya da hanyoyin rashin ɗabi'unmu suna tilasta mana mu gane ainihin sana'ar ta mugunta, wacce aka sadaukar da rayuka da yawa akan son ransu. Kuma abin baƙin ciki shine ko ta yaya har yanzu yana faruwa a wani wuri. Da fatan wata rana mu mutane za mu yi imani da ilimin ɗan adam don amfanar mutane da dabbobi, don rayuwa mara-zalunci.