Manyan Dala na Giza sun tsaya a matsayin shaida ga hazakar Masarawa na da. Tun shekaru aru-aru, masana da masana tarihi sun yi mamakin yadda al'ummar da ke da karancin fasaha da albarkatu ta yi nasarar gina irin wannan tsari mai ban sha'awa. A wani bincike mai cike da ban mamaki, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun bankado littafin Diary of Merer, inda suka yi karin haske kan hanyoyin gine-ginen da aka yi amfani da su a zamanin daular Hudu ta tsohuwar Masar. Wannan papyrus mai shekaru 4,500, mafi tsufa a duniya, yana ba da cikakken haske game da jigilar manyan dutsen farar ƙasa da granite, a ƙarshe yana bayyana kyakkyawan aikin injiniya a bayan Babban Pyramids na Giza.
Bayani game da Diary na Merer
Merer, wani jami'i mai matsakaicin matsayi da ake magana a kai a matsayin infeto (sHD), ya rubuta jerin litattafai na papyrus wanda yanzu ake kira "The Diary of Merer" ko "Papyrus Jarf." Tun daga shekara ta 27 ta sarautar Fir'auna Khufu, an rubuta waɗannan littattafan a cikin hieratic hieroglyphs kuma da farko sun ƙunshi jerin ayyukan yau da kullun na Merer da ma'aikatansa. Sassan da aka fi kiyayewa, masu lakabin Papyrus Jarf A da B, suna ba da takaddun jigilar farar dutsen farar ƙasa daga quaries Tura zuwa Giza ta jirgin ruwa.
Sake gano rubutun
A shekara ta 2013, masu binciken kayan tarihi na Faransa Pierre Tallet da Gregory Marouard, da ke jagorantar wata manufa a Wadi al-Jarf da ke gabar tekun Bahar Maliya, sun gano papyri da aka binne a gaban kogon da mutum ya kera da ake amfani da shi wajen adana jiragen ruwa. An yaba da wannan binciken a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da aka gano a Masar a cikin karni na 21. Tallet da Mark Lehner sun ma kira shi “Littattafai na Tekun Bahar Maliya,” suna kwatanta su da “Littattafai na Tekun Matattu,” don jaddada muhimmancinsa. A halin yanzu ana baje kolin wasu sassan papyri a gidan tarihin Masar da ke birnin Alkahira.
Dabarun gini da aka bayyana
Littafin Diary na Merer, tare da sauran abubuwan tono kayan tarihi, sun ba da sabbin fahimta game da hanyoyin gini da Masarawa na dā suka yi amfani da su:
- Tashar jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi: Gina tashar jiragen ruwa ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Masar, yana buɗe damar kasuwanci mai fa'ida da kuma kulla alaƙa da ƙasashe masu nisa.
- Sufuri na Kogi: Littafin diary na Merer ya bayyana yadda ake amfani da kwale-kwalen katako, wanda aka kera musamman tare da alluna da igiyoyi, masu iya ɗaukar duwatsu masu nauyin ton 15. Wadannan kwale-kwalen an yi su ne a karkashin kogin Nilu, inda daga karshe suka yi jigilar duwatsun daga Tura zuwa Giza. Kimanin kowane kwanaki goma, ana yin tafiye-tafiye biyu ko uku, ana jigilar kayayyaki watakila bulogi 30 na tan 2-3 kowanne, wanda ya kai tubalan 200 a kowane wata.
- Ayyukan Ruwa masu Haɓaka: A duk lokacin rani, ambaliya ta Nilu ta ba wa Masarawa damar karkatar da ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa ta ɗan adam, ta samar da tashar ruwa ta cikin ƙasa kusa da wurin ginin dala. Wannan tsarin ya sauƙaƙe saukar jiragen ruwa, yana ba da damar jigilar kayayyaki masu inganci.
- Matsakaicin Tattalin Arziki: Ta hanyar yin amfani da sikanin 3D na allunan jirgi da nazarin sassaƙan kaburbura da tsoffin jiragen ruwa da aka tarwatsa, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Mohamed Abd El-Maguid ya sake gina kwale-kwalen Masar da kyau. An dinka shi da igiya maimakon kusoshi ko turakun itace, wannan tsohon jirgin ya zama shaida na fasaha mai ban mamaki na lokacin.
- Sunan Babban Dala: Littafin diary ya kuma ambaci ainihin sunan Babban Dala: Akhet-Khufu, ma'ana "Horizon of Khufu".
- Baya ga Merer, an ambaci wasu mutane kaɗan a cikin guntu. Mafi mahimmanci shine Ankhhaf (dan'uwan Fir'auna Khufu), wanda aka sani daga wasu tushe, wanda aka yi imanin ya kasance basarake kuma mai mulki a karkashin Khufu da/ko Khafre. A cikin papyri ana kiransa da mai daraja (Iry-pat) kuma mai kula da Ra-shi-Khufu, (watakila) tashar ruwa a Giza.
Tasiri da gado
Gano littafin Merer's Diary da sauran kayan tarihi ya kuma nuna shaidar wani yanki mai yawa da ke tallafawa kimanin ma'aikata 20,000 da ke cikin aikin. Shaidar archaeological tana nuni ga al'ummar da ke daraja da kuma kula da aikinta, tana ba da abinci, matsuguni, da martaba ga waɗanda ke aikin ginin dala. Haka kuma, wannan fasaha ta injiniya ta nuna ikon Masarawa na kafa hadadden tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa wanda ya zarce dala da kansa. Waɗannan tsarin za su tsara wayewar shekaru millennia masu zuwa.
Final tunani
Littafin Diary na Merer yana ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da jigilar dutse don gina Pyramids na Giza ta hanyar ruwa da jiragen ruwa. Duk da haka, ba kowa ba ne ya gamsu da bayanin da aka samo daga littafin diary na Merer. A cewar wasu masu bincike masu zaman kansu, ya bar tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba kan ko wadannan kwale-kwalen suna iya sarrafa manyan duwatsun da aka yi amfani da su, wanda ke sanya shakku kan ingancinsu. Bugu da ƙari, littafin diary ɗin ya gaza yin cikakken bayani kan ainihin hanyar da tsoffin ma'aikata ke amfani da su don haɗawa da daidaita waɗannan manyan duwatsu tare, wanda ya bar makanikai bayan ƙirƙirar waɗannan gine-ginen da aka rufe a ɓoye.
Shin zai yiwu Merer, tsohon jami'in Masar da aka ambata a cikin litattafai da littattafai, ya ɓoye ko sarrafa bayanai game da ainihin tsarin ginin Dala Giza? A cikin tarihi, tsoffin rubutu da rubuce-rubuce akai-akai an yi amfani da su, da ƙari, ko wulakanta su daga mawallafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hukumomi da mulki. A gefe guda kuma, wayewar kai da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin ɓoye hanyoyin gine-gine da dabarun gine-ginen su a asirce daga masarautu masu gasa. Don haka, ba zai zama abin mamaki ba idan Merer ko wasu da ke da hannu a cikin ginin abin tunawa sun gurbata gaskiya ko kuma da gangan suka ɓoye wasu al'amura don ci gaba da samun fa'ida.
Tsakanin wanzuwar da rashin kasancewar ingantacciyar fasaha ta ci gaba ko tsohuwar ƙattai, gano littafin Merer's Diary ya kasance abin ban mamaki da gaske wajen tona asirin tsohuwar Masar da kuma tunanin mazaunanta.
