Erik the Red, wanda kuma aka sani da Erik Thorvaldsson, fitaccen masanin binciken Norse ne wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ganowa da zama na Greenland. Ruhinsa na ban sha'awa, haɗe da ƙudirinsa mara kaushi, ya kai shi ga bincika yankunan da ba a san su ba da kafa al'ummomi masu ci gaba a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi na Nordic. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu shiga cikin labarin ban mamaki na mai binciken Viking Erik the Red, yana ba da haske game da farkon rayuwarsa, aure da danginsa, gudun hijira, da kuma mutuwarsa ba tare da wani lokaci ba.
Rayuwar farkon Eric the Red - ɗa da aka kore
An haifi Erik Thorvaldsson a shekara ta 950 AZ a Rogaland, Norway. Shi ɗan Thorvald Asvaldson ne, mutumin da daga baya zai yi suna saboda sa hannu a cikin kisan kai. A matsayin hanyar magance rikice-rikice, an kori Thorvald daga Norway, kuma ya yi tafiya mai cin amana zuwa yamma tare da iyalinsa, ciki har da matashi Erik. A ƙarshe sun sauka a Hornstrandir, wani yanki mai katange a arewa maso yammacin Iceland, inda Thorvald ya gamu da ajalinsa kafin cikar shekaru dubu.
Aure da iyali - kafa Eiriksstaðir
Erik the Red ya auri Þjodhild Jorundsdottir kuma tare suka gina wata gona mai suna Eiriksstaðir a Haukadalr (Hawksdale). Þjodhild, 'yar Jorundur Ulfsson da Þorbjorg Gilsdottir, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Erik. Bisa ga al'adar Icelandic na da, ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya hudu: 'yar mai suna Freydis da 'ya'ya maza uku - mashahurin mai binciken Leif Erikson, Thorvald, da Thorstein.
Ba kamar ɗansa Leif da matar Leif, waɗanda a ƙarshe suka rungumi Kiristanci, Erik ya kasance mai bin addinin arna na Norse. Wannan bambance-bambancen addini har ma ya haifar da rikici a cikin aurensu, lokacin da matar Erik ta ɗauki zuciya ga Kiristanci, har ma da ba da izini ga cocin farko na Greenland. Erik ya ƙi shi sosai kuma ya manne wa gumakan Norse-wanda, labarin sagas, ya jagoranci Þjódhild ta hana saduwa da mijinta.
Ƙaura - jerin gwano
Bin sawun mahaifinsa, Erik ya sami kansa a zaman gudun hijira. Rikicin farko ya faru ne a lokacin da abin mamaki (bayi) ya haifar da zabtarewar kasa a wata gona da ke makwabtaka da Eyjolf the Foul, abokin Valthjof, kuma suka kashe abubuwan ban mamaki.
A cikin ramuwar gayya, Erik ya dauki al'amura a hannunsa ya kashe Eyjolf da Holmgang-Hrafn. 'Yan uwan Eyjolf sun bukaci a kori Erik daga Haukadal, kuma 'yan Iceland sun yanke masa hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru uku saboda ayyukansa. A wannan lokacin, Erik ya nemi mafaka a tsibirin Brokey da Öxney (Eyxney) Island a Iceland.
Rikici da warwarewa
Korar ba ta kawo ƙarshen rikici tsakanin Erik da abokan gābansa ba. Erik ya ba wa Thorgest amana da settokkr da yake ƙauna kuma ya gaji ginshiƙai na ado na babban darajar sufi da mahaifinsa ya kawo daga Norway. Duk da haka, lokacin da Erik ya kammala gina sabon gidansa kuma ya dawo don settokkr, Thorgest ya ƙi ba da su.
Erik, da ya ƙudura ya kwato kayansa masu tamani, ya yanke shawarar sake ɗaukar al’amura a hannunsa. A arangamar da ta biyo baya, ba wai kawai ya dawo da settokkr ba har ma ya kashe 'ya'yan Thorgest da wasu 'yan maza. Wannan tashin hankali ya kara dagula al'amura, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin bangarorin da ke adawa da juna.
“Bayan haka, kowannensu yana riƙe da tarin mutane tare da shi a gidansa. Styr ya ba Erik goyon bayansa, haka kuma Eyiolf na Sviney, Thorbjiorn, ɗan Vifil, da ƴaƴan Thorbrand na Alptafirth; yayin da ’ya’yan Thord the Yeller, da Thorgeir na Hitardal, Aslak na Langadal da ɗansa Illugi suka mara wa Thorgest baya.”—Saga na Eric the Red.
A ƙarshe dai takaddamar ta zo ƙarshe ta hanyar shiga tsakani na wani taro da aka sani da Thing, wanda ya haramta Erik na tsawon shekaru uku.
Gano Greenland
Duk da yawancin tarihin da ke nuna Erik the Red a matsayin Bature na farko da ya fara gano Greenland, sagancin Icelandic ya nuna cewa Norsemen ya yi ƙoƙarin daidaita shi a gabansa. Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Gunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson, an yi la’akari da shi ne ya fara ganin fili, wanda iska mai ƙarfi ta busa shi kuma ya kira Gunnbjörn’s skerries. Snæbjörn galti kuma ya ziyarci Greenland kuma, bisa ga bayanan, ya jagoranci yunkurin Norse na farko na mulkin mallaka, wanda ya ƙare a kasa. Erik the Red, duk da haka, shine farkon mazaunin dindindin.
A lokacin gudun hijira a cikin 982, Erik ya yi tafiya zuwa wani yanki da Snæbjörn ya yi rashin nasara ya yi ƙoƙari ya daidaita shekaru hudu da suka wuce. Ya zagaya gefen kudancin tsibirin, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Cape Farewell, kuma ya haura gabar tekun yamma, inda ya sami wurin da ba shi da kankara da yanayi kamar Iceland. Ya yi bincike a wannan kasa tsawon shekaru uku kafin ya koma Iceland.
Erik ya gabatar da ƙasar ga mutanen a matsayin "Greenland" don yaudare su su zauna. Ya san cewa nasarar kowane yanki a Greenland zai buƙaci goyon bayan mutane da yawa gwargwadon iko. Ya yi nasara, kuma da yawa, musamman “waɗanda Vikings da ke zaune a ƙasa matalauta a Iceland” da waɗanda suka yi fama da “yunwa na baya-bayan nan”—sun tabbata cewa Greenland tana da zarafi sosai.
Erik ya koma Greenland a cikin 985 tare da babban rukunin jiragen ruwa na masu mulkin mallaka, goma sha huɗu daga cikinsu sun isa bayan goma sha ɗaya sun ɓace a cikin teku. Sun kafa matsugunai guda biyu a gabar tekun kudu maso yamma, Gabas da Yamma, kuma ana tunanin Yankin Tsakiyar yanki ne na Yammacin Turai. Erik ya gina ginin Brattahlíð a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ya zama babban jigo. Matsugunin ya bunƙasa, ya ƙaru zuwa mazauna 5,000, kuma ƙarin baƙi sun shiga daga Iceland.
Mutuwa da gado
Dan Erik, Leif Erikson, zai ci gaba da samun sunansa a matsayin Viking na farko don gano ƙasar Vinland, wanda aka yi imanin yana cikin Newfoundland na zamani. Leif ya gayyaci mahaifinsa ya tare shi a wannan tafiya mai mahimmanci. Duk da haka, kamar yadda almara ke da shi, Erik ya fadi daga dokinsa a kan hanyar zuwa jirgin, yana fassara shi a matsayin mummunar alama kuma ya yanke shawarar kada ya ci gaba.
Abin takaici, Erik daga baya ya kamu da annobar da ta yi sanadin mutuwar yawancin masu mulkin mallaka a Greenland a lokacin hunturu bayan tafiyar dansa. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na baƙi da suka isa a 1002 ya kawo cutar. Amma mulkin mallaka ya sake dawowa kuma ya tsira har zuwa Ƙananan Ice Age ya sa ƙasar ba ta dace da Turawa ba a ƙarni na 15. Hare-haren 'yan fashin teku, rikici da Inuit, da kuma watsi da Norway ta yi wa mulkin mallaka su ma sun taimaka wajen raguwar ta.
Duk da mutuwarsa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, gadon Erik the Red yana rayuwa, har abada a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin mai bincike mara tsoro da rashin tsoro.
Kwatanta da Greenland saga
Akwai kwatankwacin kamanceceniya tsakanin Saga na Erik the Red da Greenland saga, duka suna ba da labarin balaguron balaguro iri ɗaya kuma suna nuna haruffa masu maimaitawa. Duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambancen sananne kuma. A cikin saga na Greenland, ana gabatar da waɗannan balaguro a matsayin kamfani guda ɗaya wanda Thorfinn Karlsefni ke jagoranta, yayin da Erik the Red's saga ya kwatanta su a matsayin balaguro daban-daban da suka haɗa da Thorvald, Freydis, da matar Karlsefni Gudrid.
Bugu da ƙari, wurin zama na ƙauyuka ya bambanta tsakanin asusun biyu. Saga na Greenland yana nufin wurin zama a matsayin Vinland, yayin da Erik the Red's saga ya ambaci ƙauyuka guda biyu: Straumfjǫrðr, inda suka shafe lokacin hunturu da bazara, da Hop, inda suka ci karo da rikici tare da 'yan asalin da aka sani da Skraelings. Waɗannan asusun sun bambanta ta fuskar girmamawa, amma duka biyun suna nuna gagarumin nasarorin Thorfinn Karlsefni da matarsa Gudrid.
Karshe kalmomi
Erik the Red, mai binciken Viking wanda ya gano Greenland, ɗan kasada ne na gaske wanda ruhinsa da jajircewarsa suka buɗe hanyar kafa ƙauyukan Norse a wannan ƙasa mara kyau. Daga korarsa da gudun hijira zuwa gwagwarmayar aure da mutuwarsa, rayuwar Erik ta cika da gwaji da nasara.
Gadon Erik the Red yana rayuwa ne a matsayin shaida ga ruhin bincike marar ƙarfi, yana tunatar da mu irin abubuwan ban mamaki da tsoffin mayaƙan ruwa na Norse suka yi. Bari mu tuna Erik the Red a matsayin almara mutum wanda ba tare da tsoro ba ya shiga cikin wanda ba a sani ba, har abada sunansa a cikin tarihin tarihi.
Bayan karanta game da Erik the Red da Greenland gano, karanta game da Madoc wanda aka ce ya gano Amurka kafin Columbus; to karanta game da Maine Penny - tsabar Viking na ƙarni na 10 da aka samo a Amurka.
