Gene wani yanki ne na aikin DNA guda ɗaya. Misali, za a iya samun kwayar halitta ko biyu don launin gashi, launin ido, ko mun ƙi barkonon kore, da dai sauransu. A gefe guda, kwayar halitta ita ce tarin dukkan kwayoyin halittar mutum. Idan muna hoton kwayoyin halitta kamar jumloli, to muna iya ɗaukar hoton kwayar halittar gaba ɗaya. Idan muka kalli kwayoyin halitta, galibi muna damuwa da ainihin abin da suke yi. Idan muka kalli kwayoyin halittu, dole ne mu damu da yadda kungiyoyin kwayoyin halittu ke fara cudanya da tasirin juna.
Anan a cikin wannan labarin, mun rarrabe wasu abubuwan ban mamaki da ban mamaki game da DNA da kwayoyin halittar da zasu busa hankalin ku:
1 | Girman Genome:
Tsarin halittar ɗan adam shine 3.3Gb (b yana nufin tushe) a girma. Kwayar cutar HIV shine kawai 9.7kb. Babbar sananniyar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar ita ce 2.47Mb (pandoravirus salinus). Babbar sananniyar kwayar halittar kashin baya shine 130Gb (marmara lungfish). Babbar sananniyar tsirran tsirrai shine 150Gb (Paris japonica). Mafi girma da aka sani genome nasa ne da Amoeboid wanda girmansa shine 670Gb, amma wannan da'awar tana jayayya.
2 | Yana da tsayi da tsayi fiye da tunanin mu:
Idan an warke kuma aka haɗa su gaba ɗaya, ragowar DNA a cikin kowane sel ku zai yi tsawon ƙafa 6. Tare da sel tiriliyan 100 a cikin jikin ku, wannan yana nufin idan aka sanya duk DNA ɗin ku zuwa ƙarshen, zai kai sama da mil mil 110. Wannan ɗaruruwan tafiye -tafiye ne zuwa rana!
3 | Methylation Ya Sa Bambanci:
Ƙarin ƙungiyar methyl zuwa G da C yankuna masu wadatar DNA na sa DNA ya zama mara aiki ko mara aiki. Yankin da ba a saka lamba ba na kwayoyin halittar shine babban methylated. Ta hanyar yin hakan, an tsara tsarin halittar asalin halitta. Kowane mutum na da na musamman methylation tsarin da ya bambanta da wasu. Kwafi na kwayar halitta ta gado daga uba yayin da wani kuma daga uwa. Sabili da haka tsarin methylation daban -daban guda biyu yana cikin jariri.
Abin sha’awa, a lokacin daukar ciki na ƙarshen zamani, duk methylated DNA ya zama ya lalace sau ɗaya na ɗan lokaci kuma ya sake bambanta da mather da mahaifiyar DNA. Duk lokacin da aka sake tsara methylation yayin daukar ciki.
4 | Kwayoyin Halittu Sun Yi Kusan Kashi 3 Na DNA:
Kwayoyin halittu gajerun sassan DNA ne, amma ba duk DNA ɗin halittu bane kamar yadda muka faɗa a baya. Duk an fada, kwayoyin halitta kusan kashi 1-3% na DNA ɗin ku. Sauran DNA ɗinku yana sarrafa ayyukan kwayoyin halittar ku.
5 | Haƙiƙa Adam ya rayu shekaru 208,304 da suka wuce!
Kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam sun nuna cewa dukkan mu muna da kakannin namiji na kowa wanda ake kira Y-Chromosomal Adam. Ya rayu kimanin shekaru 208,304 da suka gabata.
6 | Wanene Na 4?
Halittar mutane na zamani ya ƙunshi DNA daga kakannin hominid guda huɗu: homo sapiens, Neanderthals, Denisovans, da nau'in na huɗu wanda har yanzu ba a gano su ba.
7 | Ta Yaya Wadannan Halittun Halittu Suka Samu Nan?
Akwai kwayoyin halittu 45 wanda wataƙila nau'in ɗan adam ya 'sace' daga wasu nau'in, kamar tsutsotsi, kuda 'ya'yan itace da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba wai kawai an ba da su daga kakanninmu na farko ba. Maimakon haka, sun yi tsalle kai tsaye cikin kwayar halittar ɗan adam a cikin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata.
8 | Dukkan Mu 99.9 Kashi Daya Ne:
Daga cikin nau'i -nau'i na biliyan 3 na asalin halittar ɗan adam, kashi 99.9% iri ɗaya ne da na kusa da mu. Duk da cewa hutawa 0.1% har yanzu shine ke sa mu zama na musamman, yana nufin dukkan mu mun fi kamanceceniya fiye da yadda muka bambanta.
9 | ku 'Yan Adam Kusan Kwatankwacin Chimpanzees:
Kashi 97% na kwayar halittar dan adam tayi kama da chimpanzee yayin da kashi 50% na kwayar halittar dan adam tayi kama da ayaba.
10 | Wani Lokaci, Akwai Wani Mutum Mai Ido Mai Ruhu:
Halittar halittar halittar HERC2 da aka samu a cikin mutane masu idanu masu shuɗi ana ɗauka sau ɗaya kawai ta faru, wanda ke nufin cewa dukkan mutane masu launin shuɗi suna raba kakanni guda ɗaya wanda maye gurbi ya samo asali.
11 | Koreans Ba Sa Samar da Warin Jiki:
Yawancin Koreans ba sa fitar da ƙanshin jiki saboda girman sifar halittar ABCC11. A sakamakon haka, deodorant abu ne da ba kasafai ake samu a Koriya ba.
12 | Chromosome 6p Sharewa:
Abinda aka sani kawai na "Chromosome 6p Deletion" inda mutum baya jin zafi, yunwa, ko buƙatar bacci (kuma daga baya babu jin tsoro) shine yarinyar Burtaniya mai suna Olivia Farnsworth ne adam wata. A cikin 2016, mota ta buge ta kuma ta ja mita 30, duk da haka ba ta jin komai kuma ta fito da ƙananan raunuka.
13 | Phantom na Heilbronn:
Daga 1993 zuwa 2008, an gano DNA iri ɗaya a wuraren laifuka 40 daban -daban a Turai, wanda ke haifar da binciken “Phantom na Heilbronn", Wanda ya zama mace mai aiki a masana'antar kera auduga wanda ba da gangan ya gurɓata swabs tare da DNA nata ba.
14 | ku Halittar Tagwaye 'DNA:
Duk da samun shaidar DNA na wanda ake zargi, 'yan sandan Jamus ba za su iya gurfanar da dala miliyan 6.8 ba saboda DNA mallakar wasu tagwaye ne. Hassan da Abbas O., kuma babu wata hujja da za ta tabbatar da wanene daga cikinsu mai laifin. Tagwaye Masu Haƙiƙa Suna da DNA iri ɗaya. Koyaya, bisa ga sabon bincike, kodayake tagwaye iri ɗaya suna raba kamanni iri ɗaya, iri ɗaya ne.
15 | Gene da ke Rage Bukatar Barci:
1-3% na mutane suna sanye da jigon maye gurbi wanda ake kira hDEC2 wanda ke ba wa jikin su damar samun sauran abin da yake buƙata daga bacci na sa'o'i 3 zuwa 4 kawai.
16 | Abubuwan Halittar Halittu:
Nazarin 2003 ya sami shaidar cewa DNA na Genghis Khan yana cikin kusan maza miliyan 16 da ke raye a yau. Duk da haka, wata kasida daga 2015 ta yi iƙirarin cewa wasu mutane goma sun bar abubuwan gado na gado don haka suna da kishiyar Genghis Khan.
17 | Mutanen Blue na Kentucky:
Iyalan mutane masu launin shuɗi fata sun rayu a Kentucky tsawon tsararraki da yawa. 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Matsaloli ana tsammanin sun sami launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ta hanyar haɗuwa da ɓarna da yanayin ƙwayar cuta da ba a sani ba da ake kira methemoglobinemia.
18 | Mutane Masu Gashin Gashi Suna Rayuwa A Tsibirin Solomon:
Mutane a Tsibirin Solomon suna da kwayar halitta mai suna TYRP1 da ke haifar da gashi mai launin shuɗi, duk da fatarsu mai duhu. Wannan kwayar halittar ba ta da alaƙa da wanda ke haifar da fure a cikin mutanen Turai kuma ya samo asali daga kansa.
19 | ku Gene da ke Taimakawa Daukar Ƙarin Oxygen a Jikin Mu:
Mashahurin ɗan wasa kuma mai lambar yabo ta Olympics sau 7 Ero Mäntyranta yana da maye gurbi wanda ya ba shi damar ɗaukar 50% ƙarin oxygen a jikinsa fiye da ɗan adam na yau da kullun.
20 | ku Kauyen Kurame:
Akwai wani ƙauye mai suna Bengkala a arewacin Bali, Indonesiya, inda saboda wani nau'in halitta mai suna DFNB3, ana haifar mutane da yawa kurame da jin mutane suna amfani da yaren kurame da ake kira Kata Kolok, da yaren magana daidai gwargwado.
21 | ku Kwayar cutar HIV:
Akwai maye gurbi na kwayar halittar CCR5, wanda ake kira Delta 32, wanda ke gabatar da codon tasha ba da jimawa ba cikin kwayar halitta. Wannan lambar da ba a gama ba tana nufin sel waɗanda ke da wannan maye gurbi ba za su iya kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ba. Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi na CCR5-Delta 32 suna tsayayya da cutar HIV gaba ɗaya
22 | Kyakkyawan gashin idanu na Elizabeth Taylor:
Elizabeth Taylor yana da maye gurbi na kwayoyin halittar FOXC2, wanda ya ba ta ƙarin jeren gashin ido.
23 | Kayan Aikin Gyaran Halittu:
Kamar yadda muke gyara hotunan mu da bidiyon mu, ana iya gyara tsarin halittar ɗan adam don cire ɓarnatattun kwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin da ba sa aiki. Kayan aikin gyara na asali kamar CRISPR-Cas9, tsarin transposon kyakkyawa mai bacci da ƙwayoyin cuta na hoto ana amfani da su don sakawa ko cire jerin DNA. A yanzu, matsalar kawai ita ce ba a iya hasashen illolin gyaran ƙwayoyin halittar.
Koyaya, a cikin 2015, an yi amfani da dabarar gyaran ƙwayoyin halittar da ake kira TALEN a ƙoƙarin ƙarshe don kula da jariri mai suna Layla, wanda aka gano yana da cutar sankarar bargo musamman. Dabarar ta bi da ita yadda yakamata kuma ana bincike don magance cututtuka da yawa. -
24 | Supertaster Gene Bambanci:
Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a suna dandana hanyar abinci fiye da sauran mu. Waɗannan 'supertasters' sun fi sanya madara da sukari a cikin kofi mai ɗaci ko guje wa abinci mai mai. Dalilin mayar da martani, masana kimiyya suna tunanin, an tsara shi cikin kwayoyin halittar su, musamman wanda ake kira TAS2R38, gene receptor-taste-receptor gene. Bambancin da ke da alhakin babban ɗanɗano an san shi da suna PAV, yayin da bambance-bambancen da ke da alhakin ƙwarewar ɗanɗano ɗan ƙasa da aka sani da AVI.
25 | ku Bambance-bambancen Halittar Halittar Malaria:
Mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar sikila-ma'ana suna da ƙwayar sikila ɗaya da kuma haemoglobin na al'ada ɗaya-sun fi kariya daga zazzabin cizon sauro fiye da waɗanda ba su.
26 | ku Octopuses na iya Shirya Kansu na Halittu:
Cephalopods kamar squids, cuttlefish da octopuses ƙwararrun halittu ne masu fasaha da wayo - ta yadda za su iya sake rubuta bayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin su. Maimakon lambar kodin guda ɗaya don furotin ɗaya, wanda galibi haka ne, wani tsari da ake kira recoding yana ba da damar ƙwayar dorinar ruwa ta samar da sunadarai da yawa. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa wannan tsarin yana taimaka wa wasu nau'in Antarctic “su ci gaba da jijiyarsu a cikin ruwa mai sanyi.”
