Ngokwemibhalo yasendulo, kwakukhona isikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo, ngaphambi kokuba izwe loFaro liphathwe ngabantu abafayo lapho izidalwa ezivela emazulwini zazibusa khona ezweni. Lezi zidalwa eziyimfihlakalo zibizwa ngokuthi 'oNkulunkulu' noma 'amaDemigods' ahlala futhi abusa eGibhithe lasendulo izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Imfihlakalo yohlu lweNkosi yaseTurin
Uhlu lweTurin King luhlu lwezincwadi ezingcwele olususelwa enkathini kaRamesside. I- “canon” ngokuyisisekelo iqoqo noma uhlu lwemibhalo noma imithetho ejwayelekile. Leli gama livela egameni lesiGreki elisho "ukubusa" noma "induku yokulinganisa".
Kuzo zonke izinhlu zamakhosi okuthiwa yiGibhithe lasendulo, uHlu lweNkosi yaseTurin kungenzeka ukuthi yilona olubaluleke kakhulu. Yize kube nomonakalo omkhulu, ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ewusizo kakhulu kubososayensi baseGibhithe futhi futhi iyahambisana nokuhlanganiswa komlando kaManetho ngeGibhithe lasendulo.
Ukutholakala kohlu lweNkosi yaseTurin
Ibhalwe ohlelweni lokubhala oluyisiqalo lwaseGibhithe lasendulo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-hieratic, iTurin Royal Canon Papyrus yathengwa eThebes ngusomaqhinga wase-Italy futhi ongumhloli wamazwe uBernardino Drovetti ngo-1822, ngenkathi eya eLuxor.
Yize ekuqaleni sasiphelele futhi sasibekwa ebhokisini kanye namanye ama-papyri, lesi sikhumba saqhekeka saba izingcezu eziningi ngesikhathi sifika e-Italy, futhi kwakudingeka sakhiwe kabusha futhi siqondwe ngobunzima obukhulu.
Izicucu ezingaba ngu-48 zale phazili zahlanganiswa okokuqala ngusosayensi waseGibhithe waseFrance uJean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832). Kamuva, ezinye izingcezu eziyikhulu zahlanganiswa ndawonye umvubukuli waseJalimane nowaseMelika uGustavus Seyffarth (1796-1885). Izazi-mlando zisathola futhi zihlanganisa ndawonye izingcezu ezingekho zohlu lweTurin King List.
Okunye kokubuyiselwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwenziwa ngo-1938 nguGiulio Farina, umqondisi womnyuziyamu. Kodwa ngo-1959, uGardiner, isazi seGibhithe saseBrithani, waphakamisa ukuba kubekwe ezinye izingcezu, kuhlanganise nezicucu ezazisanda kutholwa ngo-2009.
Manje esenziwe izingcezu eziyi-160, iTurin King List empeleni ayinazo izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukwethulwa kohlu nesiphetho. Kukholakala ukuthi igama lombhali weTurin King List lalitholakala engxenyeni yesingeniso.
Yini uhlu lwamakhosi?
Uhlu Lwamakhosi AseGibhithe lasendulo luluhlu lwamagama asebukhosini aqoshwa ngabaseGibhithe lasendulo ngandlela thile. Lezi zinhlu zazivame ukuthunyelwa ngoFaro ukuze bakhombise ukuthi igazi labo lasebukhosini lineminyaka emingaki ngokufaka kuhlu bonke oFaro abakulo uzalo olungaphuliwe (ubukhosi).
Yize ekuqaleni lokhu kungabonakala kuyindlela esiza kakhulu yokulandelela isinqumo sofaro abahlukahlukene, bekunganembi kakhulu ngoba abaseGibhithe lasendulo badume ngokushiya imininingwane abebengayithandi, noma ihaba imininingwane abazizwa ibenza babukeke bebahle .
Kuthiwa lezi zinhlu bezingahloselwe ukunikeza imininingwane yomlando kakhulu njengendlela "yokukhonza amadlozi". Uma ukhumbula, siyazi ukuthi abaseGibhithe lasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi ufaro wayengukuzalwa kabusha kukaHorus emhlabeni futhi wayezokhonjwa no-Osiris ngemuva kokufa.
Indlela izazi zaseGibhithe ezisebenzise ngayo uhlu yayiziqhathanisa komunye nomunye kanye nedatha eqoqwe ngezinye izindlela bese yakha kabusha umlando onengqondo kunazo zonke. Ama-King Lists esiwaziyo kuze kube manje afaka:
- Uhlu lwaseRoyal Thutmosis III oluvela eKarnak
- Uhlu lwaseRoyal Sety I e-Abydos
- Itshe LePalermo
- Uhlu lwe-Abydos King Ramses II
- Ithebhulethi kaSaqqara ethuneni likaTenroy
- I-Turin Royal Canon (Uhlu LwamaTurin King)
- Okuqoshiwe emadwaleni eWadi Hammamat
Kungani uLuhlu lweTurin King (iTurin Royal Canon) lukhetheke kangaka kwi-Egyptology?
Zonke ezinye izinhlu zirekhodwe ezindaweni ezinzima ezihloselwe ukuhlala isikhathi esiningi sokuphila, njengethuna noma izindonga zethempeli noma emadwaleni. Kodwa-ke, uhlu olulodwa lwamakhosi lwaluhlukile: Uhlu LwamaTurin King, olubizwa nangokuthi iTurin Royal Canon, eyayibhalwe ezincwadini ze-papyri ngesikripthi se-hieratic. Cishe ngamamitha ayi-1.7 ubude.
Ngokungafani nolunye uhlu lwamakhosi, uhla lweNkosi yaseTurin lubala bonke ababusi, kufaka phakathi abancane nalabo ababhekwa njengabaphathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqopha ubude bokubusa ngokunembile.
Lolu hlu lwamakhosi lubonakala lubhalwe ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaRamesses II, ufaro omkhulu wobukhosi bakwa-19. Uhlu olunolwazi kakhulu nolunembile futhi lubuyela emuva eKing Menes. Ayigcini nje ngokubala amagama amakhosi, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinhlu eziningi, kepha inikeza eminye imininingwane ewusizo efana nale:
- Ubude bokubusa kwenkosi ngayinye eminyakeni, kokunye kwenzeka ngisho nasezinyangeni nasezinsukwini.
- Iphawula amagama amakhosi ayeshiyiwe kolunye uhlu lwamakhosi.
- Ihlanganisa ndawonye amakhosi ngendawo kunokulandelana kwezikhathi
- Kubala ngisho namagama abaphathi bamaHyksos baseGibhithe
- Ihlehlela emuva esikhathini esingajwayelekile lapho onkulunkulu namakhosi adumile abusa iGibhithe.
Phakathi kwalokhu, iphuzu lokugcina yingxenye engaxazululwa ethakazelisa emlandweni waseGibhithe. Ingxenye ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi enempikiswano yeTurin Royal Canon isitshela ngoNkulunkulu, amaDemigod kanye neMimoya yabafileyo ababusa ngokomzimba izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Uhlu lweNkosi yaseTurin: Onkulunkulu, Izidalwa Zomoya Nemimoya Yabafileyo babusa izinkulungwane zeminyaka
Ngokusho kukaManetho, "inkosi yomuntu" yokuqala yaseGibhithe, kwakunguMena noma uMenes, ngo-4,400 BC (ngokwemvelo ukuthi "abesimanjemanje" baludlulisile lolo suku ngezinsuku zakamuva kakhulu). Le nkosi yasungula iMemphis, isiphambukise inkambo yeNayile, futhi yasungula inkonzo yethempeli lapho.
Ngaphambi kwaleli phuzu, iGibhithe lalibuswa onkulunkulu namaDemigod, njengoba kwabikwa nguRA Schwaller de Lubicz, ku "Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy" lapho kwenziwa khona isitatimende esilandelayo:
… ITurin Papyrus, kwirejista esohlwini lwe-Reign of the Gods, imigqa emibili yokugcina yekholomu ifingqa lokhu: “I-Venerables Shemsu-Hor, iminyaka eyi-13,420 23,200; Ubusa ngaphambi kukaShemsu-Hor, iminyaka engama-36,620; Ingqikithi yeminyaka engama-XNUMX XNUMX. ”
Ngokusobala, le migqa emibili ephela yekholomu, ebonakala imele ukuqhubeka kombhalo wonke ithakazelisa kakhulu futhi isikhumbuza Uhlu lweNkosi yaseSumeriya.
Ngokwemvelo, leyo sayensi yesimanjemanje ethanda izinto ezibonakalayo, ayikwazi ukwamukela ukuba khona koNkulunkulu namaDemigod njengamakhosi, ngakho-ke iyayichitha leyo migqa yesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, le migqa yezikhathi - “Uhlu olude lwamaKhosi” - (ngokwengxenye) ayashiwo emithonjeni eminingana ethembekile evela eMlandweni, kubandakanya nakwezinye Izinhlu Zenkosi YaseGibhithe.
Ukubusa okungaqondakali kwaseGibhithe okuchazwe nguManetho
Uma sizovumela uManetho, umpristi omkhulu wamathempeli aqalekisiwe aseGibhithe, ukuba azikhulisele yena, asinakho okunye esingakwenza ngaphandle kokuvula imibhalo lapho izingcezu zomsebenzi wakhe zigcinwa khona. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kulezi inguqulo yesi-Armenia ye-Chronica ka-Eusebius. Iqala ngokusazisa ukuthi ithathwe “eMlandweni waseGibhithe kaManetho, owaqamba ukulandisa kwakhe ezincwadini ezintathu. Lezi zikhuluma ngoNkulunkulu, amaDemigods, iMimoya yabafileyo namakhosi afayo abusa iGibhithe. ”
Ecaphuna uManetho ngqo, u-Eusebius uqala ngokususa uhlu lonkulunkulu oluqukethe, ikakhulukazi, u-Ennead ojwayelekile we-Heliopolis - Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, njalonjalo. Laba babe ngabokuqala ukuphatha eGibhithe.
“Ngemuva kwalokho, ubukhosi budlula busuka komunye buya komunye ngokulandelana okungaphuliwe… ngeminyaka eyi-13,900 1255… Ngemuva kwaBonkulunkulu, amaDemigods abusa iminyaka eyi-1817; futhi futhi nolunye uhlu lwamakhosi olwaphatha iminyaka eyi-1790; kwabe sekufika amanye amakhosi angamashumi amathathu, abusa iminyaka eyi-350; bese kuba futhi namakhosi ayishumi abusa iminyaka engama-5813. Kube sekulandela ukubusa kweMimoya yabafileyo… iminyaka engama-XNUMX… ”
Ingqikithi yazo zonke lezi sikhathi ihlanganisa iminyaka engama-24,925. Ikakhulu, uManetho kuthiwa kaningi unikeze isibalo esikhulu seminyaka engama-36,525 sonke isikhathi sempucuko yaseGibhithe kusukela ngesikhathi soNkulunkulu kuze kube sekupheleni kobukhosi bama-30 (nabokugcina) bamakhosi afayo.
Isazi-mlando esingumGreki uDiodorus Siculus satholani ngomlando odabukisayo waseGibhithe?
Incazelo kaManetho ithola ukusekelwa okuningi phakathi kwababhali abaningi bakudala. Ngekhulu lokuqala BC, isazi-mlando esingumGreki uDiodorus Siculus wavakashela eGibhithe. Uchazwe ngokufanelekile ngu-CH Oldfather, umhumushi wakhe wakamuva kakhulu, njengomhlanganisi ongagxeki osebenzise imithombo emihle futhi wakhiqiza kabusha ngokwethembeka.
Ngamanye amagama, ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini ukuthi uDiodorus akazange azame ukuphoqelela ubandlululo kanye nemibono yakhe kwinto ayeyiqoqile. Ngakho-ke ubaluleke kakhulu kithina ngoba izimpimpi zakhe zazihlanganisa nabapristi baseGibhithe ababuza ngemlando eyimfihlakalo yezwe labo. Yilokhu uDiodorus atshelwa khona:
"Ekuqaleni onkulunkulu namaqhawe babusa iGibhithe iminyaka engaphansi kwengaphansi kwengu-18,000, owokugcina konkulunkulu babusa ukuthi nguHorus, indodana ka-Isis… Abafayo bebengamakhosi ezwe labo, bathi, iminyaka engaphansi kwengu-5000. ”
Yini uHerodotus ayithola ngomlando oyindida waseGibhithe?
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kukaDiodorus, iGibhithe lavakashelwa esinye futhi isazi-mlando esingumGreki esidumile: uHerodotus omkhulu, owaphila ngekhulu lesihlanu BC. Naye, kubonakala sengathi uhlangane nabapristi futhi naye wakwazi ukuvumelana namasiko ayekhuluma ngokuba khona kwempucuko ephakeme kakhulu eNayile Valley ngosuku oluthile olungacacisiwe endulo yakudala.
UHerodotus uchaza la masiko enkathi enkulu yangaphambi komlando wempucuko yaseGibhithe eNcwadini II yoMlando wakhe. Kumbhalo ofanayo ubuye asinikeze thina, ngaphandle kokuphawula, ingcaca eyinqaba yolwazi eyayivela kubapristi baseHeliopolis:
"Ngalesi sikhathi, bathi, bekunezikhathi ezine lapho ilanga liphuma endaweni yakhe ehlukumezekile - kabili likhuphuka lapho lishona khona manje, kabili lishona lapho liphuma khona manje."
UZep Tepi - 'Isikhathi sokuqala' eGibhithe lasendulo
AbaseGibhithe lasendulo bathi ngeFirst Time, uZep Tepi, lapho onkulunkulu babusa ezweni labo: bathi kwakuyinkathi yegolide lapho amanzi omgodi wakhona ahlehla, ubumnyama obukhulu baxoshwa, futhi ubuntu, buvela ekukhanyeni, wanikezwa izipho zempucuko.
Baphinde bakhuluma nangabalamuli phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu - i-Urshu, isigaba sonkulunkulu abancane isihloko sabo esisho 'Abaqaphi'. Futhi bagcina izinkumbulo ezicace bha zonkulunkulu uqobo lwabo, izidalwa ezi-puissant nezinhle ezibizwa nge-Neteru ezazihlala emhlabeni nabantu futhi zisebenzisa ubukhosi bazo zisuka eHeliopolis nakwezinye izindawo ezingcwele phezulu nasehla eNayile.
Abanye balaba bantu baseNeteru babengabesilisa kanti abanye besifazane kodwa bonke babenamandla amaningi angaphezu kwawemvelo afaka amandla okuvela, ngokuthanda, njengabesilisa noma abesifazane, noma njengezilwane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izihlahla noma izitshalo. Okuxakayo ukuthi amazwi nezenzo zabo kubonakala sengathi kukhombise imicabango yabantu nokukhathalela kwabo. Ngokunjalo, yize bekhonjiswa njengabanamandla futhi behlakaniphe kakhulu kunabantu, bekukholelwa ukuthi bangagula - noma bafe, noma babulawe - ezimweni ezithile.
Yini ebesingayifunda mayelana 'nesikhathi sokuqala' ukube iTurin Canon Papyrus yayihlala ingaguquki?
Izingcezu ezisele ziyabukeka. Kwirejista eyodwa, ngokwesibonelo, sifunda amagama amaNeteru ayishumi anegama ngalinye elibhalwe ku-cartouche (indawo ebiyelwe) ngendlela efanayo naleyo eyathathwa ngezikhathi zamakhosi omlando waseGibhithe. Isibalo seminyaka okukholakala ukuthi i-Neter ngayinye ibusile sanikwa naso, kepha iningi lalezi zinombolo alitholakali embhalweni owonakele.
Kwelinye ikholomu kuvela uhlu lwamakhosi afayo abusa eGibhithe elingenhla nelingezansi ngemuva koNkulunkulu kodwa ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kombuso ngaphansi kukaMenes, ufaro wokuqala woBukhosi Bokuqala, ngo-3100 BC.
Kusukela ezingcezwini ezisekhona kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi 'amadynasties' ayisishiyagalolunye ala mafaro angaphambi kokubusa kukhulunyiwe, phakathi kwawo bekukhona 'iVenerables yaseMemphis', 'iVenerable yaseNyakatho' futhi, ekugcineni, iShemsu Hor (Abangane , noma Abalandeli, bakaHorus) owabusa kwaze kwaba yisikhathi samaMenes.
Olunye uhlu lwamakhosi oluphathelene nezikhathi zangaphambi komlando namakhosi adumile aseGibhithe yi Itshe Le-Palermo. Yize kungasibuyiseli emuva njengakudala njengeTurin Canon Papyrus, inikeza imininingwane ebeka obala umlando wethu ojwayelekile.
Amazwi wokugcina
Njengenjwayelo, uhlu lwenkosi lushiya okuningi kube nempikiswano, futhi nohlu lweTurin King alunjalo. Noma kunjalo, kuze kube manje ingenye yezingcezu eziwusizo kakhulu zolwazi mayelana nofaro basendulo baseGibhithe nokubusa kwabo.
Ufuna imininingwane ethe xaxa kuhlu lweTurin King? Bheka lokhu Page out.
