Namuhla, "Uhlu Lwamakhosi aseSumeriya" luseyimibhalo yasendulo enempikiswano enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zatholakala emlandweni, echaza ngokusobala ukuthi iqembu lezidalwa ezikhanyisiwe lehla kanjani ezulwini lizobusa uMhlaba. Futhi isiyonke isikhathi sokubusa kwabo sasiyiminyaka engama-241,200! Kungenzeka kanjani lokho?
Kuma-artefacts amaningi amangalisayo atholakele ezindaweni zase-Iraq lapho amadolobha achumayo aseSumeriya ake aba khona, ambalwa abelokhu ethakazelisa ukwedlula iSumerian King List, umbhalo wesandla wasendulo owaqoshwa okokuqala ngolimi lwaseSumerian, uhla lwamakhosi aseSumer (lasendulo eningizimu Iraq. ) kusuka kubukhosi bamaSumeriya nabomakhelwane, ubude babo bokubusa, kanye nezindawo zobukhosi "obusemthethweni". Okwenza le artefact ihluke kakhulu ukuthi lolu hlu luhlanganisa ababusi bangaphambi kobukhosi ngokusobala nababusi bomlando abaziwa ukuthi babekhona.
Impucuko YaseSumeriya kanye Nohlu Lwenkosi YaseSumeriya
Imvelaphi yempucuko yaseSumeriya eMesopotamiya isaphikiswa nanamuhla, kepha ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi basungula amadolobha angaba yishumi nambili ngenkulungwane yesine BC. Ngokuvamile lezi kwakuyidolobha elikhulu elibiyelwe ngodonga elibuswa yi-ziggurat - amathempeli afana nophahla, afana nepiramidi ahlotshaniswa nenkolo yamaSumeriya. Amakhaya ayakhiwa ngezinqola zomhlanga noma ngezitini zodaka, futhi kwakhiwa imisele eyinkimbinkimbi yokunisela ukuze kufakwe amanzi athwele udaka weTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe ukulima.
Amadolobha amakhulu aseSumerian afaka phakathi i-Eridu, i-Uri, iNippur, iLagash neKish, kepha enye yezindawo ezindala kunazo zonke futhi eyayidlondlobala kakhulu kwakuyi-Uruk, isikhungo sokuhweba esasichuma esasiziqhayisa ngamamayela ayisithupha ezindonga zokuzivikela kanye nabantu abaphakathi kuka-40,000 no-80,000. Ekuphakameni kwayo cishe nge-2800 BC, kungenzeka ukuthi bekuyidolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngamazwi alula, amaSumeriya asendulo ayethonye umhlaba kakhulu njengoba ayeyimbangela yempucuko yokuqala yasemadolobheni yomhlaba.
Kuzo zonke izinto zasendulo ezitholwe esifundeni saseMesopotamiya, “Uhlu Lwamakhosi aseSumeriya” ngempela luyindida kakhulu. Umbhalo wasendulo ngolimi lwaseSumeriya, owabhalwa emuva kwinkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BCE, okuluhlu lwawo wonke amakhosi akwaSumer, amakhosi abo, izindawo, nezikhathi zamandla. Yize lokhu kungabonakala kungeyona imfihlakalo eningi, yilokho okubhalwe kanye nohlu lwamakhosi okwenza kube yinto exakayo. Ngokuhambisana nokuthi ngubani-ngubani wamaSumerians ophethe, i-King List iphinde ifake imicimbi efana noZamcolo Omkhulu kanye nezinganekwane zikaGilgamesh, izindaba ezivame ukubizwa ngezinganekwane ezilula.
Uhlu Lwenkosi YaseSumeri lwembula izinto ezimangalisa ngempela kuzazi-mlando
Kutholakale iminyaka eminingi yizazi ezifundeni eziningi zaseMesopotamiya yasendulo, amakhophi alokho okukholakala ukuthi kungumbhalo wesandla oyingqayizivele, obizwa ngokuthi “Uhlu Lwamakhosi aseSumeriya” noma “Uhlu Lwamakhosi aseSumeriya,” kunemininingwane yokuthi esikhathini esedlule iplanethi ibuswa yizishiyagalombili - ezinye izinhlobo zinamakhosi ayishumi - ayimfihlakalo isikhathi esiyimfihlakalo seminyaka engama-241,200. Umbhalo wasendulo uze uthi laba babusi “behla bevela ezulwini.”
Uhlu lwamaKhosi aseSumeriya lusitshela indaba engakholeki abaningi abakuthola kunzima ukuyikholelwa:
“Emva kokuba ubukhosi sebwehlile ezulwini, ubukhosi babuse-Eridug. E-Eridug, I-Alulim waba yinkosi; wabusa iminyaka engama-28,800 XNUMX. Kamuva, I-Alalgar wabusa iminyaka engama-36,000. Wabe esewa u-Eridug kwathi ubukhosi bathathwa buthathwa baba uBad-tibira. En-men-lu-ana wabusa iminyaka engama-43,200 XNUMX eyalandela. Ngemva kwalokho, En-amadoda-gal-ana wabusa iminyaka engama-28,800 XNUMX, futhi UDumuzid, uMelusi, wabusa iminyaka engama-36,000. Kwabe sekuwa uBad-tibira nobukhosi buthathwa buthunyelwa eLarag. ELarag, I-En-sipad-zid-ana wabusa iminyaka engama-28,800 XNUMX. Wabe esewa uLarag ubukhosi buthathwa buthathwa buyiswa eZimbir, lapho I-En-men-dur-ana wabusa iminyaka engama-21,000. Ngemuva kwalokho uZimbir wawa futhi ubukhosi bayiswa eShuruppag, lapho Ubara-Tutu wabusa iminyaka eyi-18,600. Emadolobheni ama-5, amakhosi ayi-8 abusa iminyaka engama-241,200. Isikhukhula sabakhukhula ngaphezulu… ”
Lezi zabhalwa engxenyeni yokuqala yohlu lwamaKhosi aseSumeriya. Ukuze wazi kabanzi ngemininingwane, funda le eBook mayelana nohlu lwamagama eSumerian King lapha.
Kodwa kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi amakhosi ayisishiyagalombili abusa umhlaba iminyaka eyi-241,200?
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi impendulo ilula: lolu hlu luhlanganisa ababusi besizinda sangaphambi komlando kanye "nezinganekwane", ababethokozela imibuso emide futhi engacabangi ngamakhosi omlando acace bha.
Ngamanye amagama, izazi zisitshela ukuthi ezinye izinto ezibhalwe ohlwini lwamakhosi aseSumeriya zilungile, kanti ezinye-njengokubusa okungapheli isikhathi eside-akunakuba njalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhla lwamaKhosi aseSumeriya alusitsheli nje kuphela ukuthi la makhosi abusa isikhathi esingakanani eMhlabeni, kepha futhi lisho ngqo ukuthi lawa makhosi ayisishiyagalombili “ehla evela ezulwini,” ngemuva kwalokho abusa isikhathi eside ngokumangazayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uhlu luchaza ukuthi la makhosi ayisishiyagalombili ahlangabezana kanjani nokuphela ngesikhathi sikaZamcolo Omkhulu owakhukhula uMhlaba. Lolu hlu lubuye luchaze okwenzeka ngemuva kukazamcolo, ngoba lisho ngokusobala ukuthi “obunye ubukhosi behla buvela ezulwini,” futhi lamakhosi ayindida abusa umuntu futhi.
Kepha ingabe uhla lwamaKhosi eSumerian luyinhlanganisela yamakhosi aqinisekisiwe ngokomlando nezidalwa zasenganekwaneni? Noma kungenzeka ukuthi izazi zihlukanise abanye bababusi njengezinganekwane, ngenxa yezici zabo ezihlukile?
Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka abantu bekholelwa ukuthi umlando onemininingwane kuLuhlu lwamaKhosi aseSumeriya, okungukuthi, amakhosi anezimpilo ezinde ngendlela emangalisayo, ukunyamalala kwawo ngesikhathi sikaZamcolo Omkhulu kanye nokufakwa kwawo esikhundleni samakhosi amasha avela ezulwini, kwakungelinye nje iqoqo lezinganekwane izindaba. Kodwa-ke, kunababhali abaningi nabaphenyi abangavumelani, bephakamisa ukuthi lokho okusohlwini lwamaKhosi aseSumeriya akunakuba yinsumansumane, futhi bakhombe iqiniso lokuthi izazi namuhla ngokwengxenye ziyawabona amanye amaKhosi anemininingwane ohlwini.
Kuthiwani uma?
Iqiniso lokuthi uhla lwamaKhosi aseSumeriya lukhuluma ngamakhosi ayisishiyagalombili, amagama awo nemibuso emide, kanye nemvelaphi yawo - ubukhosi obehla ezulwini - kwenze abaningi bacabanga: “Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lokho okubhalwe ohlwini AmaKhosi aseSumeriya abe yizikhombo zomlando zangempela? Yini ebingenzeka uma, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, ngaphambi komlando wanamuhla, iplanethi yethu ibuswa ngamanye amakhosi omhlaba ayisishiyagalombili eza eMhlabeni evela endaweni ekude endaweni yonke futhi abusa eMhlabeni isikhathi esiyiminyaka engama-241,200 ukubuyela emuva amazulu? ”
Kuthiwani uma imininingwane etholakala kuhlu lwamaKosi aseSumerian inembe ngamaphesenti ayikhulu nokuthi, ngokungafani nezazi ezijwayelekile, lokhu kubusa okungenakudlula bekungenzeka, ngesikhathi lapho impucuko, umphakathi kanye neplanethi yethu behluke kakhulu kunalokho okuyikho namuhla? Ngabe le mibhalo yasendulo ikhombisa ukuthi uMhlaba wawubuswa osomkhathi basendulo iminyaka engama-241,200? Noma, njengoba izazi zisho, uhla lwamaKhosi aseSumerian luyingxube nje yamarekhodi omlando nezinganekwane?
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi embhalweni wasendulo kukhona umbusi oye waqinisekiswa ngokwasemandulo nangokomlando; ngu-Enmebaragesi de Kish, cishe ngo-2,600 XNUMX BC.
Kunolunye uhlu lwamakhosi avela eGibhithe lasendulo olwaziwa ngokuthi “Uhlu lwenkosi yaseTurin,” esilandisa ngenani lamakhosi angaqondakali ake abusa iGibhithe izinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngaphambi koFaro.
