Iningi lentuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wezempilo, ezokwelapha kanye nebhayoloji yosuku lwethu, ngandlela thile, i-genesis yabo ihlobene nokuhlolwa okuthile okubandakanya isihluku esibi. Ngenkathi kube nososayensi abasebenza ibanga elide ukusuka enkambisweni yokuziphatha, namuhla leyo ntuthuko isindisa izimpilo zezigidi unyaka ngamunye.
Vele, kukhona nezinye, lezo zivivinyo ezingazange nje zisebenze ngaphezu kokondla ukuhaha kwegazi okushisayo kwezingqondo ezidabukisayo nezigulayo, egameni lesayensi. Sikumema ukuba wazi ezimbili ukuhlolwa komuntu okunonya emlandweni: Ukuhlolwa kweTuskegee nokuhlolwa kogcunsula eGuatemala.
Isivivinyo se "Tuskegee"
Njengoba ithathwa njengenye yezivivinyo ezinonya emlandweni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobude bayo, icala le-Tuskegee Study legcunsula elingalashiwe kwabesilisa abamnyama - elaziwa kangcono nje ngokuthi “Isivivinyo seTuskegee” - liyinto emfushane kuzo zonke izindlela zokuziphatha kwezokwelapha zaseMelika.
Lesi yisifundo esakhiwa ngo-1932 eTuskegee, e-Alabama, esasenziwa yiqembu lososayensi abavela e-US Public Health Service, lapho baphenya khona ngemiphumela yogcunsula kubantu uma bengalashwa. Cishe amadoda angama-400 anebala elimnyama, ama-sharecropper angafundile aqhamuka enzalweni yama-Afro futhi angenwe ugcunsula, abambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo olunonya noluphikisanayo ngokungathandi futhi ngaphandle kwemvume.
Odokotela bathola ukuthi banesifo samanga abasibiza "ngegazi elibi" futhi abakaze belashwe, kepha babonwa nje ukuze baqonde ukuthi lesi sifo savela kanjani ngokwemvelo lapho singelashwa nokuthi sasongela impilo yini.
Ngenkathi kwaziwa ngo-1947 ukuthi i-penicillin ingaqeda lesi sifo, ayizange isetshenziswe futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1972 (eminyakeni engama-40 kamuva), lapho iphephandaba lenza uphenyo lube sesidlangalaleni, lapho iziphathimandla zanquma ukuqeda ukuhlolwa.
Lesi simo sonke sasinohlangothi lwaso oluhle eminyakeni eyalandela umvuthwandaba waso, njengoba saholela ezinguquko ezinkulu ekuvikelweni ngokomthetho kweziguli nabahlanganyeli ezifundweni zokwelashwa. Abambalwa abasinda kulezi zivivinyo ezingenabuntu bathola ukuxolisa kuMongameli wangaphambili uBill Clinton.
Ukuhlolwa kukagcunsula eGuatemala
Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kukaTuskegee, ososayensi baseMelika abanganelisekanga, beholwa ingqondo efanayo yokugula: UJohn Charles Cutler, wenza ucwaningo logcunsula eGuatemala phakathi kuka-1946 no-1948, olwalunochungechunge lwezifundo nokungenelela okwenziwa uhulumeni wase-United States, emazweni aseGuatemala . Kulokhu, odokotela bathelele ngamabomu inani elikhulu lezakhamizi zaseGuatemala, kusukela ezigulini ezinengqondo kuya eziboshweni, abaqwayizi, amasosha, asebekhulile ngisho nezingane ezivela emakhaya ezintandane.
Ngokusobala, izisulu ezingaphezu kwe-1,500 zazingazi ukuthi yini odokotela ababeyibeke nge-inoculation eqondile, betheleleka nge-syphilis, enye yama-STD amabi kakhulu. Lapho sebethelelekile, banikezwa uchungechunge lwemithi namakhemikhali ukuze babone ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuvimbela ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi, phakathi kwezinye izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukutheleleka, odokotela bakhokhela izisulu ukuba ziye ocansini nezifebe ezinesifo, kanti kwezinye izimo, inxeba lalibangwa emthondweni wesisulu bese lifuthwa ngamasiko amakhulu we-syphilis bacteria (iTreponema pallidum).
Unya olukhulu lwalesi silingo, olufana nolukaTuskegee, ngokungangabazeki lunomqondo ojulile wobandlululo ngemuva kwalo - lwadala umonakalo omkhulu emphakathini waseGuatemala kangangokuba ngo-2010, i-United States yaxolisa emphakathini, yahlaziya kabusha inkinga.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-Okthoba 1, lapho uNobhala Wezwe wase-United States of America, uHillary Clinton, kanye noNobhala Wezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu, uKathleen Sebelius, bekhipha isitatimende ngokuhlanganyela bexolisa kubantu baseGuatemala nasemhlabeni wonke ngemizamo . Ngaphandle kokungabaza, enye yezindawo ezimnyama kakhulu emlandweni wesayensi.
