Izivivinyo zesayensi ezingama-25 ezesabekayo emlandweni wesintu

Sonke siyazi ukuthi isayensi imayelana 'nokutholakala' kanye 'nokuhlola' okushintsha ulwazi kanye nenkolelo-ze ngolwazi. Futhi usuku nosuku, amathani ocwaningo lwesayensi anelukuluku athathe indima enkulu ukufeza ukuphakama emikhakheni efana ne-biomedicine kanye ne-psychology, okwenza kube yindlela emangalisayo yokwakha izindlela ezisebenza kangcono zokuqoqa imininingwane efanelekile, ukwelapha ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo, futhi nokugcina thina kusuka ezimweni ezithile ezibulalayo ngasikhathi sinye. Kepha kungabandakanya nokwenza izinto ezinhle ezixakile. Eminyakeni engama-200 edlule, ososayensi egameni locwaningo lokuphayona benze ezinye izivivinyo ezixakile nezinesihluku emlandweni wesintu ezizohlupha isintu ingunaphakade.

Lapha, okulandelayo uhlu lwezilingo zesayensi eziphazamisa kakhulu, ezesabekayo nezingenasimiso ezake zenziwa emlandweni wesintu ezizokunika amaphupho amabi lapho ulele:

1 | OJesu Abathathu

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uMilton Rokeach wathola amadoda amathathu ehlushwa yinkohliso yokuba nguJesu. Indoda ngayinye yayinemibono yayo eyehlukile yokuthi bangobani. URokeach wabahlanganisa esibhedlela saseMichigan iYpsilanti State futhi benza ucwaningo lapho iziguli ezintathu zengqondo zenziwa khona ukuhlala ndawonye iminyaka emibili, ngemizamo yokuthola ukuthi izinkolelo zabo zizoshintsha yini.

Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, baxabana ngokuthi ngubani ngempela uJesu. Isiguli esisodwa besimemeza esinye, “Cha, uzongikhonza!” kwandisa umbango. Kusukela ekuqaleni, uRokeach wasebenzisa izimpilo zeziguli ngokwakha isimo esikhulu ekukhohliseni izimpendulo ezingokomzwelo. Ekugcineni, asikho nesisodwa seziguli eselaphekile. URokeach ufake imibuzo eminingi maqondana nenqubo yakhe yokwelashwa imiphumela yayo ibingacacisiseki futhi ibaluleke kancane.

2 | Isivivinyo Sasejele laseStanford

Ngo-1971, ukuhlolwa eStanford University eCalifornia kwafakazela ukuthi abantu, ngisho nalabo ebesingalindelanga kangako, ngokwemvelo banecala elibuhlungu elivezwa ngenxa yezimbangela ezithile. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uPhilip Zimbardo neqembu lakhe locwaningo bathatha iziqu ezingama-24 futhi babanikeza izindima njengeziboshwa noma onogada, ejele elihlekisayo ekhempasini.

Yize kunemiyalo yokungasebenzisi noma yiluphi uhlobo lodlame ekugcineni ukulawula nokuhleleka, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa nje, unogada oyedwa kwabathathu ukhombise ukuthambekela okunesihluku, iziboshwa ezimbili bekufanele zisuswe kusenesikhathi ngenxa yokuhlukumezeka ngokomzwelo, kanti konke ukuhlolwa kwaphela kwaphela izinsuku eziyi-14 ezihleliwe. Kukhombise ukuthi abantu abajwayelekile bangaba ngabahlukumezi kalula kanjani, ezimweni lapho kutholakala kalula khona, noma ngabe bengakhombisanga zimpawu ngaphambi kocwaningo.

3 | Ubuchopho Bomuntu - Ubhajwe Emgundwini!

Abaphenyi eSalk Institute eLa Jolla bathole ukuthi angakhuliswa kanjani amangqamuzana obuchopho bomuntu ngokujova amangqamuzana ama-embryonic stem kumagundane embungu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwesabeka okungamawele kwamaseli ama-stem kanye nocwaningo lwe-transgenic ukusinikeza izinsana ezingamagundane ezi-supersmart squirmy, noma abantu abanobuchopho begundane.

4 | Ukuhlolwa Kwabantu Okudumile KobuNazi

Emlandweni wesintu, isihluku sezokwelapha esenziwe ngamaNazi kubikwa ukuthi siyizenzakalo eziyinqaba kakhulu neziphazamisayo ezibhalwe kahle futhi ezethusayo ngokungangabazeki. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa emakamu okuhlushwa, futhi ezimweni eziningi kwaholela ekufeni, ekukhubazekeni, noma ekukhubazekeni unomphela.

Bazozama ukufakelwa kwamathambo, imisipha, nezinzwa; ukuveza izisulu ezifweni nasekuqothulweni amakhemikhali; inzalo, nanoma yini enye odokotela abangamaNazi ababengacabanga ngayo.

Ukuhlolwa okunonya kunakho konke kwenziwa ngeminyaka yo-1940 ngudokotela wamaNazi ogama lakhe linguJosef Mengele, owayebuye aziwe njengo “Ingelosi Yokufa”. Usebenzise amasethi amawele angama-1,500, ikakhulukazi izingane zaseRomany nezamaJuda, ekuhlolweni kwakhe kofuzo okubuhlungu e-Auschwitz. Kwasinda abangaba ngu-200 kuphela. Ukuhlola kwakhe bekubandakanya ukuthatha inhlamvu yeso lewele elilodwa nokulinamathisela ngemuva kwekhanda elinye iwele, ukushintsha umbala wamehlo wezingane ngokujova udayi, ukuzifaka emagumbini okucindezela, ukuzihlola ngezidakamizwa, ukuthena noma ukubanda kuze kube sekufeni, nokudalula ezinhlobonhlobo okunye ukuhlukumezeka. Kwesinye isikhathi, amawele amabili amaRomany athungelwe ndawonye ngomzamo wokwenza amawele ahlanganisiwe.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngo-1942, ukuze isize abashayeli bezindiza baseJalimane, i-German Air Force (yamaNazi) yavalela iziboshwa ezazisuka eDachau emakamu angangeni nomoya onomoya ophansi. Igumbi lalakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi izimo ngaphakathi kulo zaziphakeme zifinyelela kuma-66,000 ft. Lokhu kuhlolwa okuyingozi kwaholela ekufeni kwezihloko ezingama-80 kwezingu-200. Labo abasinda babulawa ngezindlela ezehlukene ezinyantisayo.

Okuthusa futhi ukuthi lolu lwazi belusizo kangakanani kusayensi yezokwelapha. Ulwazi lwethu oluningi mayelana nokuthi ukuphakama okuphezulu kangakanani, i-hypothermia nomphumela obandayo wabantu kusekelwe kule datha eqoqwe kulolo cwaningo olubi kakhulu lwamaNazi. Abaningi baphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokuziphatha kokusebenzisa idatha eqoqwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kangaka.

5 | Isifundo SeMonster

Ngo-1939, abacwaningi base-University of Iowa uWendell Johnson noMary Tudor benza ucwaningo lokungingiza ezinganeni ezingama-22 eziyizintandane eDavenport, e-Iowa; bethi bazothola ukwelashwa kokukhuluma. Odokotela bahlukanise izingane zaba ngamaqembu amabili, elokuqala lathola ukwelashwa okuhle kokukhuluma lapho izingane zazinconywa khona ngokushelelayo ekukhulumeni.

Eqoqweni lesibili, izingane zathola ukwelashwa kokukhuluma okungekuhle futhi zazilulazwa ngakho konke ukungapheleli kwenkulumo. Izingane ezikhuluma ngokujwayelekile eqenjini lesibili zaba nezinkinga zokukhuluma ezizigcina impilo yazo yonke. Bethuke yizindaba zokuhlolwa kwabantu okwenziwe ngamaNazi, uJohnson noTudor abakaze bayishicilele imiphumela yabo "Isifundo Sesilo."

6 | Ikhodi Yomazisi Engafakelwa

Ukuhlonza i-Radio-frequency (RFID) isebenzisa izinkambu ze-electromagnetic ukukhomba ngokuzenzakalela nokulandela amathegi anamathiselwe ezintweni. Amathegi aqukethe imininingwane egcinwe ngekhompyutha. Okokuqala RFID Ukufakwa kumuntu kwakungu-1998, futhi kusukela lapho kube yindlela elula kubantu abafuna ukuba yi-cyborg encane. Manje izinkampani, amajele nezibhedlela sezinakho FDA kuvunyelwe ukuzifaka kubantu ngabanye, ukuze zilandelele lapho abantu beya khona. Ummeli omkhulu waseMexico uthole abasebenzi bakhe abayi-18 abasikiwe ukulawula ukuthi ngubani onemibhalo. Ithemba lebhizinisi lokuphoqa abasebenzi balo ukuthi bathole ukufakelwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo liyesabeka futhi lingobushiqela.

7 | Ukuhlolwa Okusanda Kuzalwa Kwezingane (Ngawo-1960)

Ngawo-1960, abacwaningi baseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia basebenzise izingane ezizungeze i-113 ezinenyanga eyodwa kuya kwezintathu ezivivinyweni ezahlukahlukene ukutadisha ushintsho kumfutho wegazi nasekugelezeni kwegazi. Kokunye kokuhlolwa, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezingama-50 zaboshelwa ngawodwana ebhodini lokusoka. Babe sebetshekiswa ekhoneni elithile ukwenza igazi ligijimele ekhanda labo ukuze kuhlolwe umfutho wegazi labo.

8 | Ukuhlolwa Kwemisebe Kwabesifazane Abakhulelwe

Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwahlolwa izinto ezisetshenziswa ngemisebe kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Abaphenyi bezokwelapha eMelika baphakele izidlo ezinemisebe kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abangama-829 ngenkathi besebenza embonweni wabo wokulwa nemisebe kanye nempi yamakhemikhali ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Izisulu zatshelwa ukuthi zinikwa 'iziphuzo zamandla' ezizothuthukisa impilo yezingane zazo. Akuzona nje kuphela ukuthi izingane zabulawa yi-leukemia, kepha omama nabo babhekana nokuqubuka okunzima nemivimbo, kanye nezinye izifo ezinomdlavuza.

9 | USigmund Freud Necala Lika-Emma Eckstein

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, u-Eckstein weza kuFreud ezolashwa ngesifo sezinzwa. Wamthola enesifo sokushaya indlwabu nokushaya indlwabu ngokweqile. Umngani wakhe uWillhelm Fleis wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukumeza kanye nokushaya indlwabu ngokweqile kungalashwa ngokuthambisa ikhala, ngakho-ke wenza ukuhlinzwa e-Eckstein lapho amshisa khona kakhulu amaphaphu akhe. Wathola izifo ezesabekayo, futhi wasala ekhubazeke unomphela njengoba uFleiss ayeshiye i-gauze yokuhlinzwa ephasishini lakhe lamakhala. Abanye besifazane bahlupheka ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezifanayo.

10 | Ukuhlolwa kweMilgram

Ucwaningo "olushaqisayo" oludume kabi olwenziwa nguStanley Milgram ngeminyaka yama-1960 kolunye lwezivivinyo zengqondo ezaziwa kakhulu laphaya, futhi kunesizathu esizwakalayo. Kukhombisa ukuthi abantu bangahamba ibanga elingakanani lapho beyalelwa ukuthi balimaze omunye umuntu ngegunya. Isifundo esaziwa ngokwengqondo silethe amavolontiya abecabanga ukuthi babamba iqhaza esivivinyweni lapho bezoletha khona ukushaqeka kwesinye isihloko sokuhlolwa.

Udokotela ucele ukuthi balethe ukushaqeka okukhulu nokukhulu, okuqala kusuka kuma-volts ayi-15 kuye ekugcineni kuma-volts amakhulu ama-450, noma ngabe "isifundo esivivinywayo" siqala ukukhala ngobuhlungu futhi (kokunye) sife. Eqinisweni, ukuhlolwa kwakuwukubona ukuthi abantu balalela kanjani lapho udokotela ebatshela ukuthi benze okuthile okusobala futhi okwesabekayo.

Abahlanganyeli abaningi ezivivinyweni babezimisele ukushaqisa "izifundo zokuhlola" (abalingisi abaqashwe nguMilgram abanikeze ukusabela okungamanga) baze bakholwe ukuthi lezo zihloko zilimele noma zishonile. Kamuva, ababambiqhaza abaningi bathi bahlukumezekile impilo yonke ngemuva kokuthola ukuthi bayakwazi ukuziphatha okunje.

11 | Ukukhuthazwa Kocansi kukaRobert Heath

URobert G. Heath wayengudokotela wezifo zengqondo waseMelika owayelandela inkolelo yokuthi 'ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo' ukuthi ukukhubazeka ngokwemvelo kwakuwukuphela komthombo wokugula kwengqondo, nokuthi ngenxa yalokho izinkinga zengqondo zazelapheka ngezindlela zomzimba. Ukufakazela lokho, ngo-1953, uDkt Heath wafaka ama-electrode ebuchosheni besifundo futhi washaqisa indawo eseptal - ehambisana nemizwa yenjabulo - nezinye izingxenye eziningi zobuchopho bakhe.

Ukusebenzisa lokhu ukukhuthazwa kobuchopho okujulile inqubo, wayezame ngale ndaba ngokwelashwa kokuguqulwa kwezitabane futhi wathi uguqule ngempumelelo umuntu ongqingili, obhalwe ephepheni lakhe njengo Isiguli B-19. Ama-electrode we-septal abe esevuselelwa ngenkathi ekhonjiswa izinto ezingcolile zobulili obuhlukile. Isiguli kamuva sakhuthazwa ukuba siye ocansini nesifebe esiqashelwe ukutadisha. Ngenxa yalokhu, uHeath wathi isiguli siguqulwe ngempumelelo saba ubungqingili. Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo luzothathwa njengolungenasimiso namuhla ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene zobuntu.

12 | Usosayensi uvumela izinambuzane ukuba ziphile ngaphakathi kwakhe!

Imifantu yesihlabathi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-chigger flea, yinhle kakhulu. Imba unomphela esikhunjeni somuntu ophethe igazi elifudumele - njengomuntu - lapho ivuvukala khona, ikhiphe futhi ikhiqize amaqanda, ngaphambi kokuba ife emasontweni ama-4-6 kamuva, isangena esikhunjeni. Kuningi esikwaziyo ngabo, kepha kuze kube manje, impilo yabo yezocansi ifihliwe imfihlakalo. Akusenjalo: Umcwaningi waseMadagascar wayenentshisekelo enkulu ekukhuleni kwesihlabathi ukuthi wavumela esinye sezimbungulu siphile ngaphakathi konyawo izinyanga ezimbili. Ukubona kwakhe okusondele kakhulu kwaba nomvuzo: Wabona ukuthi ama-parasites kungenzeka ukuthi aya ocansini lapho abesifazane besengaphakathi kwabaphethe.

13 | Isikhuthazi

UJosé Delgado, uprofesa waseYale, wasungula iStimocever, umsakazo ofakwe ebuchosheni ukulawula ukuziphatha. Okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi ukhombise ukusebenza kwayo ngokumisa inkunzi eshaja ngokufakwa. Ngaphandle kokuthi le nto ingalawula izenzo zabantu. Kokunye, ukufakelwa kubangele ukukhuthazeka kwezocansi kowesifazane, owayeka ukuzibheka futhi walahlekelwa yimisebenzi ethile yezimoto ngemuva kokusebenzisa isikhuseli. Waze waba nesilonda emunweni wakhe ekulungiseni njalo ukudayela kwe-amplitude.

14 | Isivivinyo Sezidakamizwa i-THN1412

Ngo-2007, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa kwaqala I-THN1412, ukwelashwa kwe-leukemia. Yayihlolwe phambilini ezilwaneni futhi yatholakala iphephe ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile, umuthi uthathwa njengophephile ukuhlolelwa abantu lapho kutholakala ukuthi awuzali ezilwaneni. Lapho ukuhlolwa kuqala ezifundweni zabantu, abantu banikezwa imithamo ephindwe ka-500 ephansi kunaleyo etholwe iphephile ezilwaneni. Noma kunjalo, lo muthi, ophephile ezilwaneni, ubangele ukwehluleka komzimba okonakele ezihlokweni zokuhlola. Lapha umehluko phakathi kwezilwane nabantu wawubulala.

15 | UDkt William Beaumont Nesisu

Ngo-1822, umthengisi woboya esiQhingini saseMackinac eMichigan wadutshulwa ngephutha esiswini waphathwa nguDkt.William Beaumont. Yize kunezibikezelo ezimbi, umhwebi woboya wasinda - kepha ngembobo (fistula) esiswini sakhe engakaze ilapheke. Ebona ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokubheka inqubo yokugaya ukudla, uBeaumont waqala ukwenza izivivinyo. IBeaumont ibizobopha ukudla ngentambo, bese ikufaka emgodini esiswini somthengisi. Njalo emahoreni ambalwa, uBeaumont wayekususa lokho kudla ukuze abheke ukuthi kugayeke kanjani. Yize kwakusabeka, ukuhlolwa kukaBeaumont kwaholela ekwamukelweni komhlaba wonke ukuthi ukugaya kwakuyinqubo yamakhemikhali, hhayi eyokulungisa.

16 | Amaphrojekthi we-CIA MK-ULTRA & QKHILLTOP

I-MK-ULTRA kwakuyigama lekhodi yochungechunge locwaningo lokulawulwa kokulawulwa kwengqondo kwe-CIA, olwalungene kakhulu ekuphenyweni kwamakhemikhali kanye nomthamo we-LSD. Ukusebenza Emvuthwandaba Wasebusuku, baqasha abaqwayizi ukuba bathathe amaklayenti e-LSD ukuze babone imiphumela yawo kubahlanganyeli abangafuni. Wona kanye umqondo wophiko lukahulumeni oluzama ukulawula izingqondo, zombili ukukhulisa amakhono engqondo wabangane balo, nokucekela phansi lezo zezitha zawo, uyethusa ngendlela efanelekile.

Ngo-1954, i-CIA yathuthukisa isivivinyo esibizwa ngokuthi Iphrojekthi QKHILLTOP ukutadisha amasu amaShayina okugeza ubuchopho, abese bewasebenzisa ukwakha izindlela ezintsha zokuphenya. Ohola ucwaningo kwakunguDkt Harold Wolff waseCornell University Medical School. Ngemuva kokucela ukuthi i-CIA imnikeze imininingwane ngokuboshwa, ukuncishwa, ukuhlazeka, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukugeza ingqondo, ukuluthwa ingqondo, nokuningi, ithimba labacwaningi likaWolff laqala ukwakha uhlelo ababezothuthukisa ngalo izidakamizwa eziyimfihlo nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene ezilimaza ubuchopho. Ngokwencwadi ayibhalile, ukuze kuhlolwe ngokuphelele imiphumela yocwaningo oluyingozi, uWolff wayelindele ukuthi i-CIA “yenze kutholakale izifundo ezifanelekile.

17 | Ukukhipha Izitho Zomzimba Ukwelapha Ukuhlanya

UDkt. Henry Cotton wayengudokotela oyinhloko waseNew Jersey State Lunatic Asylum manje ebizwa ngeTrenton Psychiatric Hospital. Wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi izitho zangaphakathi, ngemuva kokuthola izifo, zaziyimbangela yomsangano ngakho-ke, kumele zikhishwe ukuze zifundwe. Ngo-1907, i- "I-bacteriology yokuhlinzwa" izinqubo zenziwa kaningi ngaphandle kwemvume yeziguli. Kukhishwe amazinyo, amalaka ngisho nezitho zangaphakathi ezijulile ezifana namakholoni okusolwa ukuthi bekudala ukuhlanya. Ukufakazela lokho akushoyo, udokotela naye wakhipha amazinyo akhe, kanye nawomkakhe nawamadodana akhe! Iziguli ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye zashona ngenxa yalezi zinqubo, wathi zilungile “Isifo sokugula kwengqondo esigabeni sokugcina.” Njengamanje uthathwa njengochwepheshe ophayona owavula indlela yemizamo yokwelapha ukusangana - kodwa abagxeki basayibheka imisebenzi yakhe iyethusa, noma kunjalo!

18 | I-Hepatitis Ezinganeni Ezikhubazeke Ngokwengqondo

Ngawo-1950, iWillowbrook State School, isikhungo esilawulwa nguhulumeni eNew York sezingane ezikhubazeke ngokwengqondo, saqala ukubhekana nokuqubuka kwesifo sokusha kwesibindi. Ngenxa yezimo zokungahlanzeki, bekungenakugwenywa ukuthi lezi zingane zithole isifo sokusha kwesibindi. UDkt Saul Krugman, othunyelwe ukuyophenya ngalesi sifo, uphakamise ucwaningo oluzosiza ekwakheni umuthi wokugoma. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwakudinga ukuthelela izingane ngamabomu ngalesi sifo. Yize isifundo sikaKrugman sasinempikiswano kusukela ekuqaleni, abagxeki bagcina bethulisiwe ngezincwadi zemvume ezazitholwa kubazali bengane ngayinye. Eqinisweni, ukunikela ngengane yakho esivivinyweni kwakuvame ukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukwamukelwa esikhungweni esiminyene.

19 | Ukuhlolwa Komuntu ESoviet Union

Kusukela ngo-1921 nokuqhubeka cishe kwekhulu lama-21, iSoviet Union yasebenzisa ama-laboratories anobuthi aziwa ngeLaboratory 1, Laboratory 12, kanye neKamera njengezikhungo zokucwaninga ezicashile zezikhungo zamaphoyisa eziyimfihlo. Iziboshwa zakwaGulags zathola ubuthi obuningi obabubulala, inhloso yazo kwakuwukuthola ikhemikhali elinganambitheki, elingenaphunga nelingatholakali ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwesidumbu. Ubuthi obuhloliwe bufaka igesi yesinaphi, i-ricin, i-digitoxin, ne-curare, phakathi kokunye. Abesilisa nabesifazane beminyaka eyehlukene nezimo zomzimba balethwa emalabhorethri banikezwa ubuthi “njengomuthi,” noma ingxenye yokudla noma isiphuzo.

20 | Ukugcina Inhloko Yenja Iphila

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1920, udokotela waseSoviet ogama lakhe linguSergei Brukhonenko wanquma ukuvivinya umbono wakhe, ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo olunzima kakhulu. Unqume ikhanda inja futhi wasebenzisa umshini wokuzakhela obizwa ngawo 'autojektor,ukwazile ukugcina ikhanda liphila amahora amaningi. Wakhanyisa ukukhanya emehlweni, kwacwayiza amehlo. Lapho ishaya isando phezu kwetafula, inja yavele yaqhwafa. Waze waphakela ikhanda ucezu lukashizi, owavela waqhamuka ngeshubhu le-oesophagal ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ikhanda beliphila ngempela. UBrukhonenko usungule uhlobo olusha lwefayela le- i-autojektor (ukuze isetshenziswe kubantu) ngawo lowo nyaka; kungabonakala namuhla kukhonjiswa eMnyuziyamu Yokuhlinzwa Kwenhliziyo Nemithambo Yengqondo eBakulev Scientific Center of Cardiovascular Surgery eRussia.

21 | Umsebenzi KaLazaru

Ngesikhathi sama-1930, uDkt Robert E. Cornish, usosayensi osemncane waseCalifornia owamangala isizwe ngokuletha inja efile, Lazarus, babuyela empilweni ngemuva kwemizamo emithathu ehlulekile. Uthe wayethole indlela yokugcina impilo kwabafileyo; ezimweni lapho kungekho nolunye lwezitho ezinkulu ezilimele. Kule nqubo, wayejova ingxube ethile yamakhemikhali ngemithambo yezidumbu. Manje wayeselungiselela ukuphinda isivivinyo sakhe esebenzisa izifundo zabantu. Ngakho-ke ubenxuse abaphathi bamazwe amathathu, iColorado, i-Arizona neNevada ukuthi bamnikeze izidumbu zezigebengu ngemuva kokuba kuthiwe zifile emagumbini abulala ugesi - kepha izicelo zakhe zenqatshwa ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, lapho bezwa ngenkinga yakhe, abantu abacishe babe ngama-50, abanesifiso sobabili kwezesayensi kanye nomholo ongaba khona, bazinikela njengezifundo.

22 | Ukuhlolwa Kwabantu ENoth Korea

Iziphambeko eziningana zaseNyakatho Korea zichaze ukufakaza ngamacala aphazamisayo wokuzama kwabantu. Kokunye ukuhlolwa okusolwayo, iziboshwa zesifazane ezinempilo ezingama-50 zanikezwa amaqabunga eklabishi anobuthi - bonke abesifazane abangama-50 babefile kungakapheli nemizuzu engama-20. Okunye ukuhlolwa okuchaziwe kufaka phakathi umkhuba wokuhlinzwa kweziboshwa ezingenayo i-anesthesia, indlala enenjongo, ukushaya iziboshwa ekhanda ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izisulu ezifana ne-zombie ukwenza umkhuba, kanye namakamelo lapho yonke imindeni ibulawa khona ngegesi yokuphefumula. Kuthiwa njalo ngenyanga, iveni emnyama eyaziwa ngokuthi “igwababa” iyaqoqa 40-50 abantu abasuka ekamu bese ubayisa endaweni eyaziwayo yokuhlola.

23 | Iphrojekthi ye-Aversion

Iphrojekthi yokulwisana nokuhlolwa yenziwa ngesikhathi sobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Luholwa nguDkt. Aubrey Levin, lolu hlelo lwahlonza amasosha angongqingili embuthweni futhi lwawahlukumeza kakhulu. Phakathi kuka-1971 no-1989, amasosha amaningi ayethunyelwe ekwelashweni ngamakhemikhali nokwelashwa ngogesi. Lapho bengakwazi ukuguqula isimo sezocansi sezinye izisulu, baphoqa amasosha emisebenzini yokuguqula ubulili. Kubikwa ukuthi amadoda angama-900 angama-gay, ikakhulukazi aphakathi kweminyaka engu-16 kuya kwengu-24 ubudala, ahlinzwe abesifazane.

24 | Iyunithi 731

Ngo 1937, the I-Imperial Japan Army uthathe uhlobo lokuhlola olubi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, yize lwaziwa kancane kunezivivinyo zamaNazi - kungani, uzoluthola ngemuva kwesikhashana. Kwakungenxa yamacala aziwa kakhulu empi enziwa yi-Imperial Japan.

Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa edolobheni lasePingfang esifundeni samaphaphethi aseJapan iManchukuo (manje eyiNyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina). Bakhe inxanxathela enkulu enezakhiwo eziyi-105 futhi baletha izifundo zokuhlolwa okubandakanya izinsana, abantu abadala nabesifazane abakhulelwe. Iningi lezisulu abazame kuzo bekungamaShayina kanti amaphesenti amancane bekungamaSoviet, iMongolia, amaKorea namanye ama-Allied POWs.

Izinkulungwane zazo zahlolisiswa, zenziwa ukuhlinzeka ngokweqile eziboshweni, zisusa izitho ezizofunda ngemiphumela yezifo emzimbeni womuntu, imvamisa ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia futhi kuvame ukuphela ngokufa kwezisulu. Lokhu bekwenziwa iziguli zisaphila ngoba bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukufa kwendaba kuzothinta imiphumela. Iziboshwa zazinqunywa izitho zomzimba ukuze zifunde ukulahleka kwegazi. Lezo zingalo ezazisuswa kwesinye isikhathi zazinamathiselwa ezinhlangothini zomzimba eziphambene.

Ezinye iziboshwa zisuswe ngokuhlinzwa izisu zaphinde zanamathelwa ngomopho emathunjini. Izitho zezitho, njengobuchopho, amaphaphu nesibindi, zisusiwe kwezinye iziboshwa. Amanye ama-akhawunti akhombisa ukuthi umkhuba wokutholwa kwezihloko zabantu ubusabalele ngisho nangaphandle kwe-Unit 731.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu, iziboshwa zajovwa ngezifo ezifana ne-syphilis ne-gonorrhea, ukutadisha imiphumela yezifo ezingalashwa. Iziboshwa zesifazane nazo zaziphindelelwa ngokudlwengulwa onogada futhi baphoqeleka ukuba bakhulelwe ukuze zisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni. Impahla enesifo esihlaselwe ngamabhomu yaphonswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Zasetshenziswa njengezinjongo zabantu ukuhlola amabhomu abekwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. AmaFlamethrowers ahlolwa kuwo futhi nawo aboshelwa ezigxotsheni futhi asetshenziswa njengezinjongo zokuhlola amabhomu akhipha amagciwane, izikhali zamakhemikhali, namabhomu aqhumayo.

Kokunye ukuvivinywa, iziboshwa zazincishwa ukudla namanzi, zafakwa emakamelweni anengcindezi enkulu zaze zafa; ihlolwe ukuthola ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinga lokushisa, ukusha, nokusinda komuntu; ibekwe kuma-centrifuge yaphothwa kwaze kwaba sekufeni; ijojowe ngegazi lesilwane; kuvezwe imithamo ebulalayo yama-x-ray; ngaphansi kwezikhali zamakhemikhali ezahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwamakamelo kagesi; ijojowe ngamanzi olwandle; washiswa noma wangcwatshwa ephila. Okungenani amadoda angama-3,000 731, abesifazane, nezingane zilethwe lapho, futhi akuzange kube khona ama-akhawunti wabasindile e-Unit XNUMX.

Lolu phiko lathola ukwesekwa okuvulekile kusuka kuhulumeni waseJapan kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi ngo-1945. Esikhundleni sokuquliswa amacala ezimpi ngemuva kwempi, abacwaningi ababandakanyeka ku-Unit 731 banikezwa amasosha omzimba ngasese yi-United States ukuze bathole imininingwane eqoqwe ngokuhlolwa kwabantu.

25 | Izilingo zeTuskegee neGuatemala Syphilis

Phakathi konyaka ka-1932 no-1972, abalimi abangama-399 abampofu base-Afrika nabaseMelika eTuskegee, e-Alabama, abane-syphilis baqashwa ohlelweni lwamahhala ngaphansi kwe-US Public Health Service ukwelapha izifo zabo. Kodwa ososayensi benza ucwaningo ngasese ezigulini, benqaba ukwelashwa okusebenzayo (i-penicillin) noma ngabe isikhona; ukubona kuphela ukuthi isifo siyoqhubeka kanjani uma singelashwa. Ngo-1973, lezi zihloko zafaka icala ekilasini elimelene nohulumeni wase-US ngokuhlolwa kwabo okungabazekayo okuholela ezinguquko ezinkulu emithethweni yaseMelika yemvume enolwazi ekuhlolweni kwezokwelapha.

Kusuka ngo-1946 kuya ku-1948, uhulumeni wase-United States, umongameli waseGuatemala uJuan José Arévalo, kanye neminye iminyango yezempilo yaseGuatemala babambisana ekuhlolweni kwabantu okuphazamisayo kokungazi izakhamuzi zaseGuatemala. Odokotela bathelele ngamabomu amasosha, abaqwayizi, iziboshwa, kanye neziguli zengqondo ngogcunsula nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi bezama ukulandelela ukuqhubeka kwazo okungalashwa. Iphathwe kuphela ngama-antibiotic, ukuhlolwa kwaholela okungenani ekufeni okubhaliwe okungama-30. Ngo-2010, i-United States yaxolisa ngokusemthethweni eGuatemala ngokubandakanyeka kwabo kulezi zivivinyo.

Lezi ezinye zezilingo zesayensi eziphazamisayo nezingenasimiso ezake zenziwa emlandweni wesintu esizithole emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ethembekile. Kodwa-ke, kukhona izinto zesayensi ezethusayo ezenzeke ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa komlando womhlaba kepha konke akubhalwanga kahle. Imvamisa sibheka ososayensi ngokwesaba, kepha egameni lenqubekela phambili, lezi zivivinyo zesayensi ezimbi nezindlela zazo ezingekho emthethweni zisiphoqa ukuba sibone ingqophamlando yomsebenzi owesabekayo, lapho izimpilo eziningi zinikelwe khona zingafuni. Futhi okubuhlungu kakhulu ukuthi ngandlela thile kusenzeka kwenye indawo. Ngiyethemba ngelinye ilanga thina bantu sizokholelwa kwisayensi enobuntu ukuze sizuze abantu nezilwane, ngokuphila okungenanya.