Imephu yekhulu lesibili laseGermania yisazi sasendulo saseGibhithe-isiGreki uPtolemy ibilokhu idida izazi osekungamakhulu eminyaka zingakwazi ukulandisa izindawo eziningi eziyindida ezivezwa njengezindawo zokuhlala ezaziwayo.
Kepha muva nje iqembu labaphenyi elizinze eBerlin likwazile ukuqhekeza le khodi lembula ukuthi uhhafu wamadolobha aseJalimane uneminyaka okungenani eyi-1,000 XNUMX ubudala kunalokho okukholelwa phambilini.
UClaudius Ptolemy
UClaudius Ptolemy wayeyisifundiswa saseGibhithe esingesiGreki esachuma edolobheni lase-Alexandria phakathi nekhulu lesi-2 AD. Wayeyisazi sezibalo nesazi sejografi ngokulandelana, futhi ingxenye enkulu yesayensi yezinkanyezi yasendulo kanye nejografi yakhiwa emibonweni yakhe. Imephu yakhe yomhlaba emangazayo eyashicilelwa njengengxenye yencwadi yakhe ethi Geography ngekhulu lesibili kwaba ngeyokuqala ukusebenzisa imigqa yobude nobude.
UPtolemy wabeka amamephu akhe ikakhulukazi emabalazweni nasekubhalweni kwamarekhodi asolwandle (satires) kusukela ngekhulu lokuqala AD, lapho, nokho, ayegxeka kakhulu. UPtolemy usebenzise eminye imithombo engakalandelwa futhi wengeza nemininingwane ethe xaxa yamanje ayethola yona ngaleso sikhathi ikakhulu maqondana nogu lwase-Asia nolwase-Afrika olwandle i-Indian Ocean. Wayezosebenzisa nemibhalo yezobuchwepheshe bezinkanyezi neyezindawo etholakala ku- Umtapo Wezincwadi Omkhulu wase-Alexandria.
UPtolemy uyaziwa nanamuhla ngemodeli yakhe esezingeni lomhlaba eseGlobal - manje esaziwa ngePtolemaic System. Ku-Ptolemy's Great Thirteen Volume Work (Book XIII), i-syntax yaziwa nangokuthi i- I-Almagest. UPtolemy uphawule okuthile okumangazayo uma eqhathaniswa namatafula esayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje, amanye awo anembe kangangoba no-Isaac Newton wathi wayengeke akwenze ngalezi zinsimbi athi uzisebenzisile. Ngenkathi, ngokudumazayo, okunye okubonwa nguPtolemy kugcwele amaphutha.
UPtolemy ubhale futhi incwadi ephathelene nokufundwa kwezinkanyezi ebizwa ngokuthi “Amathonya Okufundwa Kwezinkanyezi,” lapho abeka khona inkolelo yakhe yokuthi ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi kuyisayensi esemthethweni echaza imithelela yamazulu empilweni yomuntu emhlabeni.
Ukuma kwezwe kukaPtolemy
Ijografi kaPtolemy yabhalwa cishe ngo-150 AD ngemiqulu eyisishiyagalombili futhi yayiqukethe amabalazwe angama-26 ngoyinki onemibala esikhunjeni sezilwane esomile. Empeleni bekuyilokho namuhla okungabizwa ngokuthi i-atlas yize ngeshwa amamephu akhe asephelile futhi akukho lutho olusele lomsebenzi. Kodwa inkomba yakhe umsebenzi wakhe wawukopishwa kanzima ngesandla ngaleso sikhathi futhi wabiwa kabusha kodwa amabalazwe akhe amaningi awazange adwetshwe kabusha lapho kwenziwa amakhophi.
Iningi lamakhophi aziwa ukuthi akhona namuhla awafaki imidwebo yokuqala kaPtolemy kunalokho izincwadi zifaka amabalazwe enziwa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva ngokususelwa encazelweni yakhe. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni edlule, izazi ezahlukahlukene zikwazile ukudweba amabalazwe kaPtolemy ngokunembile kusuka kubude nobude ngamadigri ngezindawo ezingaba ngu-8000 ebalazweni lakhe lomhlaba. Ngakho-ke empeleni, lokho esinakho ebalazweni likaPtolemy kungumfanekiso ocacile futhi ophelele womhlaba njengoba wawaziwa ngumhlali wasembusweni waseRoma lapho usuphakeme.
Lo mhlaba omkhulu wasuka eziqhingini zaseShetland, enyakatho yeScotland, waya emithonjeni yeNayile, e-Uganda, eningizimu ukusuka eCanary Islands entshonalanga kuya eChina naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia empumalanga. UPtolemy wayekholelwa ukuthi umhlaba (umhlaba) - njengoba wawaziwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi - wawumboze cishe ingxenye yesine yomhlaba, futhi kulokhu wayenembile njengezincwadi eziningi zasendulo kanye nemisebenzi yezazi ikakhulukazi lezo ezazisemtatsheni wezincwadi ose usunyamalele e-Alexandria.
Umsebenzi kaPtolemy
Ukuma komhlaba kukaPtolemy kwalahleka isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane kuya emfundweni yasentshonalanga kodwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-14, ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa, umsebenzi wakhe watholakala futhi wahunyushelwa olimini lwesiLatini, ulimi lwezazi zasentshonalanga ngaleso sikhathi. Umsebenzi waphinde waduma futhi kwanyatheliswa izinhlelo ezingaphezu kuka-40. Empeleni, bekungeke kube kude kakhulu ukusho ukuthi uhlelo olusha lubangele ukuzwa, lubekela inselelo yona kanye isisekelo samamephu aphakathi ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngoba kuze kube yileso sikhathi, abenzi bemephu babesusele ubukhulu bamazwe namadolobha ngokubaluleka kwawo kunokuba kubalwe izibalo. Ngakho-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izwe libhekwe njengelikhulu ukuthi lizovela ebalazweni.
Ukuma kwezwe kukaPtolemy kuyimpumelelo emangazayo lapho umuntu ecabanga ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezulu kwamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu kwakuyisizinda sendawo esinemininingwane eminingi kunazo zonke zaseYurophu nase-Asia, nesethenjwa esingcono kakhulu sendlela yokuqoqa idatha nokudweba amamephu. Ikhophi eyiqiniso kunazo zonke yemephu kaPtolemy esesekhona ukwengeza okwenziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14 (cishe ngonyaka ka-1300) futhi kwagcinwa yiVatican.
Ibalazwe likaPtolemy eliyisimanga belisezindabeni futhi muva nje lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo olusha yithimba lososayensi bezifundo zakudala, izazi-mlando zezibalo kanye nochwepheshe bokuhlola emnyangweni waseBerlin Technical University ngolwazi lwe-geodey kanye ne-geo.
Imilando yakudala yamadolobha amaningi aseJalimane, empumalanga yeRhinine - indawo amaRoma angazange akwazi ukuhlala kuyo unomphela - ayaziwa kakhulu futhi nezindawo ngokwazo azishiwo emibhalweni kuze kube yiminyaka ephakathi. Ngokuqondakalayo lokhu kufanele kusho ukuthi amadolobha ahlehlela emuva eminyakeni engaphezu kwengama-500 noma kunjalo abacwaningi abavela eBerlin Technical University Science bakwazile ukuphikisana nale nkolelo ngokukhiqiza ibalazwe elimangalisayo laseCentral Europe njengoba bekuyiminyaka engu-2,000 XNUMX eyedlule ngokuya ngesimo somhlaba sikaPtolemy.
Amanye amabalazwe kaPtolemy kwakuyiGermania Magna, insimu okumelwe ukuba yayingaziwa nakancane kothile owayehlala edolobheni elikude laseGibhithe i-Alexandria. NgokukaPtolemy, le ndawo imingcele yiRhine entshonalanga, iNorth Sea neBaltic Sea enyakatho, iDanube eningizimu, neVistula kanye nezintaba zaseWestern Carpathian empumalanga.
Ngokudabukisayo, uPtolemy ubala izindawo ezingama-94 eGermania kanti izifundazwe ezintathu ezifinyeleleka kakhulu zaseGalia zazinezindawo eziyi-114 kuphela sezizonke. UPtolemy futhi akasho ukuthi enye yalezi zindawo zamaJalimane zivela eqenjini lesizwe. Yize ebheka ngokunembile ubude nobude babo emizuzwini embalwa. Uma lokhu bekungaziwa indawo okungeyona eye-roman ngabe uPtolemy wayeyithathaphi imininingwane yakhe ??
Kukhona futhi inkinga enkulu lapho izixhumanisi zePtolemaic zale ndawo ziqhathaniswa nezixhumanisi zayo ohlelweni lwesithenjwa samanje sendawo. Zivame ukwehluka ngokuphelele, kunezizathu eziningi zalokhu, kepha phakathi kwazo kukhona “iZero Meridians (Prime Meridians)” ezehlukene zezinhlelo ze-Ptolemaic nezanamuhla.
Kukhona namaphutha ahlukahlukene ezixhumanisweni zikaPtolemaic ngaphezu kwalokho iningi lamagama ezindawo eJalimane iMagna avele ndawo ndawo futhi anikezwa uPtolemy hhayi omunye umbhali wasendulo. Ngakho-ke yize imephu kaPtolemy isinikeza incazelo ephelele yezwe laseGermania yasendulo, ngenxa yalezi zinkinga esesizibalile akukaze kwenzeke kuze kube manje ukuthola ngokuthembeka ngisho nezindawo ezimbalwa akhuluma ngazo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi uPtolemy akazange athathe izilinganiso zakhe enyakatho nasentshonalanga yeYurophu futhi ngokuqinisekile hhayi emazweni aseJalimane. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wasebenzisa izindlela zabahwebi besifazane esezilahlekile namanothi wamatilosi, noma waze wahlola amabalazwe asetshenziswa amabutho amaRoma asebenza enyakatho yeYurophu ngendlela yemibiko yempi nemephu. Kepha impendulo kudida lwezindawo zasendulo zaseGerman azikaze zitholakale kuze kube manje.
Lokho okokuqala ngqa iqembu lochwepheshe elihlanganisa amakhono emkhakheni wokuhlola nokwenza imephu lahlangana ukuze lizame ukuxazulula enye yezimfihlakalo eziningi zemephu kaPtolemy. Ithimba elizinze eBerlin lihlole imininingwane ebalazweni likaPtolemy laseJalimane iMagna iminyaka eyisithupha, lisungula lokho okuthiwa “ukuhlaziywa kwe-geodetic deformation” okungathemba ukuthi kuzolungisa amaphutha emephu. Omunye wemiphumela yomsebenzi wabo ukukhonjwa kwamadolobha abantu abadumile baseJalimane, uSiegfried no-Arminius ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nambili.
Leli thimba laze laveza nencwadi ebizwa nge "Germania and the Island of Tula" mayelana nomsebenzi wabo othakazelisayo. Yize ikhophi yesimo sikaPtolemy esiphethwe yiVatican kucatshangwa ukuthi yilo elidala kunawo wonke, iqembu laseBerlin ngandlela thile likwazile ukuthola amakhophi esikhumba ebesilandelwe saya eTopkapi Palace e-Istanbul, eTurkey - lapho kade behlala e-Ottoman sultans. Umbhalo oyigugu wawunamakhasi esikhumba semvu angenakuboshwa abhalwe ngofeleba baseRoma. Manje sekukholelwa ukuthi wuhlobo lwakudala kakhulu lukaPtolemy olwake lwatholakala.
Lisebenzisa imephu esanda kutholakala, leli qembu lathola ukuthi ngisho namadolobha amancane aseJalimane anjengeSaltscotton noma iLalandorf ayekhona kusukela okungenani eminyakeni engama-2,000 XNUMX edlule. Bathole isiza esisekuhlanganeni kwe-Elbe ne-Alster Rivers kwakuyisandulela saseHamburg nokuthi iLeipzig yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Arigalia ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngamafuphi, lokhu okutholakele okumangalisayo kukhombisa ukuthi uhhafu wamadolobha aseJalimane manje usumdala ngeminyaka eyi-1000 kunalokho okukholelwa phambilini. Esinye isici esikhangayo salolu cwaningo ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi inani elikhulu lezixhumanisi zikaPtolemy zezindawo zasendulo zaseJalimane zivame ukuqondana nezindawo lapho abavubukuli abake bathola khona izindlu zama-gothic noma amaTeutonic namathuna amakhulu ahloselwe izikhulu zesizwe. Yikuphi okunye okutholakele okuyimfihlo okusalindelwe okutholakala ezixhumanisweni zamabalazwe kaPtolemy?
