Okunye okutholwe ngemivubukulo okungavamile kuye kwafakazela ukuthi okhokho bethu babethuthuke kakhulu kunalokho esikucabangayo, futhi bathola ulwazi olunjalo nentuthuko ephambene nomugqa wabo wesikhathi, okudida ngisho nabacwaningi nososayensi abaphambili banamuhla. Ibhethri yaseBaghdad ingesinye sezibonelo ezinjalo.
Ibhethri leBaghdad
Ngo-1938, isazi semivubukulo saseJalimane UWilhelm Konig bathola imbiza yobumba yasendulo ebukeka ingajwayelekile nabanye abanjengayo njengengxenye yeqoqo eNational Museum of Iraq, okwathiwa yi Umbuso waseParthian - isiko lasendulo lase-Asia elalilawula iningi le-Middle East kusukela ngo-247 BC kuya ku-AD 228. Kamuva ngo-1940, uKonig wachaza imbiza yobumba eneminyaka engu-2,200 200 ubudala njengebhethri likagesi elidala kunawo wonke elikhona. Imbiza uqobo lwayo ibhalwe isikhathi esithile cishe ngo-XNUMX BC. Ngenkathi abanye bethi, uKonig wemba imbiza yobumba ngokwakhe endaweni yokuvubukula e-Iraq.
Yingakho imbiza yobumba eneminyaka engu-2,200 ibizwa ngokuthi “Ibhethri yaseBaghdad”
Labo abake bahlola imbiza yobumba eduze bathi kunezinto eziningi ezikhomba ukuthi yiiseli elimanzi”Noma“ ibhethri. ” Imbiza yobumba ye-nondescript ingama-intshi angu-5½ kuphela ukuphakama ngamayintshi ama-3 ububanzi. Ukuvulwa kwavalwa nge-plug ye-asphalt, eyayigcina ishidi lethusi, yagoqelwa kubhubhu. Le tube iboshwe ngezansi nge-disc yethusi ebanjelwe i-asphalt engaphezulu. Induku encane yensimbi yayinamathela nge-plug ye-asphalt engenhla bese ilenga phakathi enkabeni yeshubhu yethusi - ingathinti noma iyiphi ingxenye yayo. Yingakho imbiza yobumba yase-Iraq yasendulo yaziwa njenge- “Baghdad Battery.”
Ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwebhethri yase-Baghdad
Uma imbiza igcwele uketshezi olune-asidi, njengeviniga noma ijusi lamagilebhisi elibilile, liphenduka ibhethri elikwazi ukukhiqiza inani elincane lamanje. Uketshezi olune-acidic luvumela ukugeleza kwama-electron kusuka kushubhu yethusi kuya endongeni yensimbi lapho ama-terminals amabili ensimbi axhunyiwe. Lokhu ngokuyisisekelo kungumgomo ofanayo owatholwa nguGalvani eminyakeni eyizi-2,000 XNUMX kamuva nokuthi Alessandro volta iboshelwe ngempumelelo ebhethri lokuqala lesimanje eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
Ibhethri laseBaghdad lalisetshenziselwa ini?
Abaphenyi benza izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene ngamamodeli weBaghdad Battery, njengemiphumela abakwazile ukukhiqiza ugesi phakathi kuka-1.5 no-2 volts kusuka kumamodeli. Akuwona amandla amaningi. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi basamangele ukuthi ngabe ngabe amabhethri ngabe asetshenziswe ini cishe eminyakeni engama-2,200 XNUMX edlule!
Abaningi bachaze ukusetshenziswa kweBaghdad Battery bethi amaGrikhi namaRoma basebenzise izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezisebenza ngogesi ekwelapheni izinhlungu, bebeyokuma ngokoqobo ku-eel kagesi ephilayo kuze kube yilapho izinyawo zabo eziqaqanjelwe yizinhlungu. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe ibhethri lalisetshenziswa njengomthombo olungele ugesi we-analgesic omncane (I-Electroanalgesia).
Eminye imibono ithi amabhethri amaningana angaxhunyaniswa ndawonye ukukhiqiza amandla aphezulu okusetshenziswa ekukhetheni igolide endaweni yesiliva. Okuningi ucwaningo ngamabhethri wohlobo oluthile lweBaghdad akhombisile lokhu ukuthi kungenzeka.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo okufanele ukwazi ngebhethri laseBaghdad
- Amabhethri eBaghdad empeleni yizimbiza ze-terracotta ezicishe zibe yi-115 mm kuya ku-140 mm ubude.
- Yize uWilhelm Konig, isazi semivubukulo saseJalimane esasingumqondisi weNational Museum of Iraq, kukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi sithola amaBhethri eBaghdad emaqoqweni omnyuziyamu ngo-1938, akuqiniseki ukuthi uKonig wazimba yena noma wakuthola kugcinwa emnyuziyamu.
- UWilhelm Konig wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuqagela ukuthi lezi zimbiza zobumba zasendulo ezineminyaka engama-2200 empeleni zazingamabhethri ephepheni elashicilelwa ngo-1940.
- Kwakukholelwa ukuthi amabhethri ayesetshenziswa ezikhathini zasendulo ukukhahlela igolide ezintweni zesiliva, noma njengomthombo olungele ugesi we-analgesic omncane. Kuze kube namuhla lezi zimangalo azikakaqinisekiswa futhi abukho ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokusekela le mibono.
- Abantu basendulo eMesopotamia basebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuvusa umlilo”Ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa.
- Izazi ze-Astronaut zasendulo ziphakamisa ukuthi abaseGibhithe lasendulo babejwayelene kakhulu namabhethri aseBaghdad. Ngokombono wabo, kungenzeka ukuthi amabhethri asetshenziselwe ukunikeza ukukhanya emakamelweni amaphiramidi nakwezinye izindawo ezinjalo eziyimfihlo. Kepha lo mbono futhi awunabufakazi bokuwusekela. Kuze kube namuhla, akukho mibhalo ebhaliwe etholakele noma kuphi engaphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ngale ndlela ezikhathini zasendulo, okungenani hhayi nge “Baghdad Batteries.”
- Ukube lezi zinto zakudala zase-Iraq bezisetshenziswa njengamabhethri ngabe zandulela iseli lika-Alessandro Volta ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane.
- Abaphenyi abasekela umbono wokuthi izimbiza ze-terracotta zingamabhethri asendulo basikisela ukuthi ujusi wamagilebhisi ovutshiwe, ujusi kalamula, noma uviniga kwakusetshenziswa njenge-electrolyte ene-asidi ukukhiqiza inani elincane lamandla kagesi, ayengekho ngaphezu kwama-volts ama-2.
- Yize kunezivivinyo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezibhalwe phansi ngamabhethri aseBaghdad, ngo-1978, uDkt. obekuthiwa kuholele ekukhiqizweni kukagesi.
- U-Elizabeth Stone, uprofesa waseStony Brook University kanye nochwepheshe wemivubukulo yase-Iraq, uthi lezi zinto zobuciko kwakungewona amaBhethri futhi akavumelani ngokuphelele nanoma ngubani ozama ukusikisela okunye.
- Njengoba kunikezwe izincazelo zamabhethri aseBaghdad, lawa afakwa phezulu ngezingcezu zensimbi ngakho-ke bekungaba nzima ukuwaxhuma kunoma yini noma ngabe akhiqize ugesi ngaphandle kokuthi idizayini ishintshiwe.
- Azikho izintambo noma baphi abaqhubi abatholakele noma abahlotshaniswa namabhethri aseBaghdad.
- Kunezinye izinto eziningi zobuciko ezifana namabhethri aseBaghdad atholakala kulo lonke elaseMesopotamiya lasendulo, ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukugcina i-papyrus.
- Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imiqulu ye-papyrus ebolile ebekwe ngaphakathi kule mikhumbi kungenzeka ukuthi yabangela izinsalela ze-asidi ezinemvelo.
Manje-ke, uthini umbono wakho “ngebhethri yaseBaghdad?” Ingabe leli bhethri ngempela lalisetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi ezikhathini zasendulo? Noma, kuwuhlobo nje lwebhodwe leterracotta lokubamba imiqulu ye-papyrus?
