AmaPicts kwakungumphakathi wasendulo owachuma e-Iron Age Scotland kusukela ngo-79 kuya ku-843 CE. Naphezu kokuba khona kwabo isikhathi esifushane, bashiya uphawu oluhlala njalo emlandweni namasiko aseScotland. Ifa labo lingabonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezifana namatshe e-Pictish, iziqongo zesiliva, nezakhiwo zezakhiwo.
Imvelaphi yamaPicts
Enye yezingqinamba ezithakazelisa kakhulu zama-Picts umsuka wawo, osekuyisihloko sempikiswano phakathi kosomlando nabavubukuli. Ngokuvamile kuvunyelwana ngokuthi babeyimbumba yezizwe futhi benemibuso eyisikhombisa. Kodwa-ke, imvelaphi eqondile yamaPicts isalokhu embozwe imfihlakalo. Igama elithi “Pict” ngokwalo kukholakala ukuthi lisuselwa kwelesiLatini elithi “Picti”, elisho ukuthi “abantu abapendiwe”, noma egameni lendabuko elithi “Pecht” elisho “okhokho”, okugqamisa amasiko abo ahlukile.
Amandla ezempi: Amisa amaRoma anamandla
AmaPicts ayaziwa ngobuqhawe bawo bezempi kanye nokubandakanyeka ezimpini. Mhlawumbe isitha sabo esasidume kakhulu kwakunguMbuso WaseRoma. Nakuba ayehlukene ngokwezizwe ezihlukene, lapho amaRoma ehlasela, izizwana zamaPictish zazihlangana ngaphansi komholi oyedwa ukuze zimelane nazo, ngokufanayo namaCelt ngesikhathi sokunqoba kukaKhesari iGaul. AmaRoma enza imizamo emithathu yokunqoba iCaledonia (manje eyiScotland), kodwa ngamunye waba owesikhashana. Ekugcineni bakha uDonga lukaHadrian ukuze baphawule umngcele wabo osenyakatho impela.
AmaRoma ayidla isikhashana iScotland aze ayofika ePerth futhi akha olunye udonga, i-Antonine Wall, ngaphambi kokuba ahlehle abuyele odongeni lukaHadrian. Ngo-208 CE, uMbusi uSeptimius Severus wahola umkhankaso wokuqothula amaPicts ayinkinga, kodwa basebenzisa amaqhinga abashokobezi futhi bavimbela ukunqoba kwamaRoma. USeverus washona phakathi nomkhankaso, futhi amadodana akhe abuyela eRoma. Njengoba amaRoma ayengaphumeleli njalo ekunqobeni amaPicts, agcina ehoxile ngokuphelele endaweni.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi nakuba amaPicts ayengamaqhawe anolaka, ayenokuthula phakathi kwawo. Izimpi zabo nezinye izizwe ngokuvamile zazibanga izinto ezincane njengokwebiwa kwemfuyo. Bakha umphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi onezinhlaka zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi nesimiso sezombangazwe esihlelekile. Umbuso ngamunye kule eyisikhombisa wawunababusi nemithetho yawo, okusikisela umphakathi ohleleke kakhulu owawugcina ukuthula phakathi kwemingcele yawo.
Ukuba khona kwabo kwalolonga ikusasa laseScotland
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-Pict ajwayelana namanye amasiko angomakhelwane, njengamaDál Riata nama-Anglians. Lokhu kufana kwaholela ekufiphaleni kobunikazi babo be-Pictish kanye nokuvela koMbuso WaseScots. Umthelela wama-Picts emlandweni namasiko waseScotland awunakubukelwa phansi, njengoba ukufana kwawo ekugcineni kwalolongela ikusasa laseScotland.
Ayebukeka kanjani ama-Pict?
Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, ukuvezwa kwama-Picts njengamaqhawe anqunu, anama-tattoos akulungile kakhulu. Babegqoke izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingubo futhi bazihlobise ngobucwebe. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokubola kwezindwangu, abukho ubufakazi obuningi bezingubo zabo ezisindile. Nokho, okutholwe ngemivubukulo, njengama-brooches nezikhonkwane, kusikisela ukuthi babeziqhenya kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabo.
Amatshe ePictish
Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezishiywe ama-Picts amatshe e-Pictish. Lawa matshe amile ahlukaniswe amakilasi amathathu futhi ahlotshiswe ngezimpawu ezingaqondakali. Lezi zimpawu kukholakala ukuthi ziyingxenye yolimi olubhalwayo, nakuba incazelo yazo eqondile isalokhu ingacaciswanga. Amatshe e-Pictish aveza izinkomba eziphawulekayo ezimpumelelweni zobuciko namasiko ze-Picts.
Iziqongo zesiliva ze-Pictish
Okunye okuphawulekayo okutholakele okuhlobene nama-Picts ama-Pictish silver hoards. Lawa maqoqo angcwatshwa izicukuthwane zama-Pictish futhi avunjululwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kulo lonke elaseScotland. Ama-hoard aqukethe izinto zesiliva eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibonisa ubuciko obukhethekile be-Picts. Ngokuphawulekayo, ezinye zalezi zinto eziyisiliva zaphinde zasetshenziswa futhi zasetshenziswa kabusha kusukela ezintweni zobuciko zaseRoma, okubonisa ikhono lama-Picts lokuzivumelanisa nokuhlanganisa amathonya angaphandle esikweni lawo.
Amaqoqo amabili adumile e-Pictish i-Norrie's Law Hoard ne-St. Ninian's Isle Hoard. I-Law Hoard ka-Norrie yayiqukethe izinto eziningi zesiliva, ezihlanganisa ama-brooches, amasongo, nezigqoko. Ngokufanayo, i-Isle Hoard yase-St. Lawa maqoqo abelana ngemibono ebalulekile hhayi nje ngobungcweti be-Pictish kodwa futhi nangezakhiwo zabo zezomnotho nezenhlalo.
Imicabango yokugcina kuPicts
Sengiphetha, imvelaphi yama-Picts igubuzelwe ukungaqiniseki, ngemibono ephikisanayo kanye namarekhodi amancane omlando. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi babevela ezakhamuzini zakuqala zaseScotland, kanti abanye baphakamisa ukuthi babeyizizwe zamaCeltic ezivela ezweni laseYurophu ezafudukela esifundeni. Inkulumo-mpikiswano iyaqhubeka, ishiya uhlu lozalo lwangempela kanye namagugu kuyindida edidayo.
Nokho, okwaziwayo ukuthi ama-Picts ayeyingcweti nabadwebi abanekhono eliphezulu, okufakazelwa ngamatshe abo aqoshwe ngobuciko. Lezi zikhumbuzo zamatshe, ezitholakala kulo lonke elaseScotland, zinemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi nezimpawu ezixakayo ezingakacaciswa ngokugcwele. Ezinye zibonisa izigcawu zempi nokuzingela, kuyilapho ezinye zibonisa izidalwa zenganekwane kanye namafindo ayinkimbinkimbi. Inhloso kanye nencazelo yabo kusalokhu kuyindaba yokuqagela okujulile, okubhebhezela ukuyenga kwempucuko yasendulo yamaPicts.
Ubungcweti babakwa-Picts ekusebenzeni kwensimbi buyabonakala nasemiqoqweni yesiliva etholwe kulo lonke elaseScotland. Lezi zinqolobane zengcebo, ezivame ukungcwatshwa ukuze zigcinwe ngokuphephile noma izinjongo zesiko, ziveza ubuhlakani bazo bokwenza ubucwebe obuhle nezinto zokuhlobisa. Ubuhle nobunkimbinkimbi balezi zinto zobuciko bubonisa isiko lobuciko elichumayo, okuqhubeka kujulisa imfihlakalo ezungeze ama-Picts.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-Picts ayengezona nje izingcweti ezinekhono kodwa futhi namaqhawe asabekayo. Ukulandisa kwezazi-mlando zamaRoma kubachaza njengabaphikisi abanonya, belwa nabahlaseli baseRoma futhi bexosha ngisho nokuhlasela kwamaViking. Amandla ezempi ama-Picts, ahlanganiswe nezimpawu zawo eziyimfihlo kanye nemvelo eqinile, anezela ekuheheni komphakathi wabo ongaqondakali.
Njengoba amakhulu eminyaka adlula, ama-Picts kancane kancane ajwayelana nama-Scots akhuluma isiGaelic, isiko lawo elihlukile lagcina lifiphele. Namuhla, ifa labo liyaqhubeka ezinsalela zezakhiwo zabo zasendulo, umsebenzi wabo wobuciko okhangayo, kanye nemibuzo eqhubekayo ezungeza umphakathi wabo.
Ngemva kokufunda ngezwe eliyimfihlakalo lamaPicts asendulo, funda mayelana idolobha lasendulo i-Ipiutak lakhiwa umjaho onezinwele ezimhlophe onamehlo aluhlaza, bese ufunda nge I-Soknopaiou Nesos: Idolobha lasendulo elingaqondakali ogwadule lwaseFayum.
