Ngokuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe, ikhwalithi yempucuko yethu ihlala ithuthukiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lemilingo lesayensi. Abantu eMhlabeni bawaqonda kakhulu amandla namuhla. Abantu emhlabeni wanamuhla abakwazi ukucabanga umzuzwana ngaphandle kukagesi. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokukhiqiza logesi, kufanele futhi sithole izinsizakusebenza ngaphandle kwamalahle noma igesi, ngoba le mithombo yamandla ayivuseleleki. Ukuthola ezinye izindlela zala mandla kwakuhlale kuyinselelo enzima kakhulu kubaphenyi. Futhi ukusuka lapho, kwasungulwa inqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi kusuka emithonjeni yenuzi.
Kepha izinto ezinemisebe, evame ukusetshenziswa kulezi zikhungo zamandla enuzi, zingadala imiphumela emibi kubantu nasemvelweni ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakho-ke ukubhekwa okufanelekile kuyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu kulolu daba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuqhuma kungaholela ekulimaleni okungenakulungiswa kulo mhlaba noma kunini. Isibonelo somcimbi onjalo yiNhlekelele yaseChernobyl noma ukuqhuma kweChernobyl okwenzeka eChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant e-Ukraine, ngo-1986. Abaningi bethu sebazi kancane ngokwengeziwe ngeNhlekelele yaseChernobyl eyake yathusa umphakathi womhlaba wonke.
Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl:
Le nhlekelele yenzeke phakathi kuka-Ephreli 25 no-26, 1986. Indawo yesigameko iChernobyl Nuclear Power Center yaseSoviet Union eyayaziwa nangokuthi yiLenin Nuclear Power Center. Ngaleso sikhathi sasiyisitshalo esikhulu samandla enyukliya emhlabeni, kanti ukuqhuma kweChernobyl kubhekwa njengesona esilimaza kakhulu inhlekelele yenuzi Emhlabeni okwake kwenzeka esitshalweni samandla enuzi. Kwakunezinhlaka ezine zenuzi esikhungweni sikagesi. Isiphenduli ngasinye sasikwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ongamamegawathi ayizinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane ngosuku.
Ingozi yenzeke ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni isivivinyo senuzi esingahlelwanga. Kwenzeka ngenxa yobudedengu besiphathimandla kanye nokuntula ulwazi kwabasebenzi nabasebenza nabo esikhungweni sokuphehla ugesi. Isivivinyo senziwa ku-reactor No 4. Lapho singalawuleki, opharetha bayivala ngokuphelele uhlelo lwayo lokulawula amandla, kanye nohlelo lokuphepha oluphuthumayo ngokuphelele. Bebebambe nezinduku zokulawula ezixhunywe kuzinhlamvu zethangi lokuphendula. Kepha ibisasebenza cishe ngamaphesenti ayi-7 wamandla ayo. Ngenxa yemisebenzi eminingi engahlelwanga, ukusabela kochungechunge lwe-reactor kuya ezingeni elinamandla kangangokuba bekungeke kusalawuleka. Ngakho-ke, ophendulayo waqhuma cishe ngo-2: 30 ngehora ebusuku.
Abasebenzi ababili bafa ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, kanti abanye abangu-28 abasele bafa kungakapheli amasonto ambalwa (ngaphezulu kwengu-50 empikiswaneni). Into elimaza kakhulu, kepha, ukuthi izinto ezinemisebe engaphakathi kwesiphenduli kufaka phakathi i-cesium-137 ezazivezwe imvelo, futhi zazisakazeka kancane kancane emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-Ephreli 27, cishe 30,000 (ngaphezulu kwe-1,00,000 empikiswaneni) izakhamizi zadingiselwa kwenye indawo.
Manje inselele kwakuwukususa amathani ayi-100 emfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe ephezulu ophahleni lwentambo yeChernobyl. Esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ngemuva kwenhlekelele yango-Ephreli 1986, izinkulungwane zamavolontiya (amasosha) ekugcineni angcwaba iChernobyl ngamathuluzi esandla namandla emisipha.
Ekuqaleni, abaseSoviet basebenzisa amarobhothi alinganiselwa kuma-60 alawulwa kude, iningi lawo elenziwa ekhaya ngaphakathi e-USSR ukuhlanza imfucumfucu enemisebe. Yize imiklamo eminingana yagcina ikwazile ukufaka isandla ekuhlanzweni, amarobhothi amaningi anqotshwa ngokushesha yimiphumela yamazinga aphezulu emisebe ku-elekthronikhi entekenteke. Ngisho naleyo mishini ebingasebenza ezindaweni ezinemisebe ephezulu imvamisa yehluleka ngemuva kokubhalwa ngamanzi ngomzamo wokuyiqeda.
Ochwepheshe baseSoviet basebenzise umshini owaziwa nge-STR-1. Irobhothi elinamasondo ayisithupha lalincike kwi-rover yenyanga eyayisetshenziswa ekuhloleni kwenyanga kwamaSoviet ngawo-1960. Mhlawumbe irobhothi elaphumelela kakhulu - iMobot - kwakuwumshini omncane, onamasondo ofakwe insingo efana nogandaganda kanye "nengalo yokulawula". Kodwa okuwukuphela kwesibonelo seMobot esacekeleka phansi ngesikhathi sihlaselwa ngephutha ngamamitha angama-200 ngendiza enophephela emhlane eyayiyithwele iya ophahleni.
Amaphesenti ayishumi wokuhlanzwa kophahla olungcoliswe kakhulu lwaseChernobyl enziwa ngamarobhothi, okusindisa abantu abangama-500 ekuchayekeni. Umsebenzi osele wenziwe ngabanye abasebenzi abangu-5,000 125,000, abamunce imisebe ngemisebe ngemisebe. Umthamo omkhulu ovunyelwe kunoma yisiphi isisebenzi esisodwa kwakuyi-25 rem, izikhathi ezinhlanu amazinga ajwayelekile wonyaka. Sebebonke, bangu-31 abasebenzi abashona eChernobyl, abangama-237 babeqinisekise amacala okugula okukhulu kwemisebe, kanti abanye abaningi kungenzeka bagcine behlushwa yimiphumela emibi ngenxa yokuchayeka kwabo.
Iziphathimandla zatshela amasosha ukuthi aphuze i-vodka. Ngokusho kwabo, imisebe kwakufanele iqoqane ezingxenyeni ze-thyroid ekuqaleni. Futhi i-vodka kwakufanele ibahlanze. Lokho kwanikezwa amasosha aqonde ngqo: uhhafu wengilazi yevodka njalo emahoreni amabili eChernobyl. Babecabanga ukuthi kuzobavikela ngempela emisebeni. Ngeshwa, akubanga njalo!
Ukuqhuma kweChernobyl kudale ukuthi ama-curie radionuclide ayizigidi ezingama-50 kuya kwezingu-185 adalulwe emvelweni. Ukusebenza kwayo ngemisebe kwakwesabeka kangangoba kwakucishe kube namandla aphindwe kabili kunebhomu le-athomu elacitshwa eHiroshima noma eNagasaki. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusabalala kwayo kwakuphindwe kayikhulu umthamo wento enemisebe kaHiroshima-Nagasaki. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, imisebe yayo yaqala ukusabalala emazweni angomakhelwane, njengeBelarus, Ukraine, France, Italy, njll.
Le radioactivity inomthelela omkhulu emvelweni nasezimpilweni zayo. Izinkomo zaqala ukuzalwa nombala. Kukhona nokwanda kwenani lezifo ezihlobene nemisebe yomdlavuza kanye nomdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wegilo, kubantu. Ngo-2000, ama-reactor amathathu asele esikhungweni samandla nawo avalwa. Futhi-ke, iminyaka eminingi, indawo ishiywe ngokuphelele. Akekho oya lapho. Lapha kule ndatshana, sizokwazi ukuthi sinjani isimo samanje esifundeni ngemuva kwenhlekelele eyenzeka cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Iyiphi Inani Lemisebe Elisatholakala Esifundeni SaseChernobyl?
Ngemuva kokuqhuma kweChernobyl, i-radioactization yayo yaqala ukusabalala imvelo, kungekudala, iSoviet Union yamemezela ukuthi iyayishiya le ndawo. Okwamanje, i-reactor yenuzi igxile esizindeni sokukhishwa esiyindilinga esinobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angama-30. Usayizi wayo wawungamakhilomitha-skwele angama-2,634. Kepha ngenxa yokusabalala kwe-radioactivity, usayizi unwetshwe waba cishe amakhilomitha-skwele angama-4,143. Kuze kube namuhla, akukho bantu abavunyelwe ukuhlala noma ukwenza noma yini kulezi zindawo ezithile. Kodwa-ke, kuvunyelwe ososayensi noma abacwaningi ukungena kule sayithi ngemvume ekhethekile nangesikhathi esifushane.
Ngaphezulu kwamathani angama-200 wezinto ezikhipha imisebe egcinwe esiteshini samandla nangemva kokuqhuma. Ngokwezibalo zabacwaningi bamanje, le nto ekhipha imisebe yomsakazo izothatha cishe iminyaka eyikhulu kuya kwengu-100 1,000 ukuthi ingasebenzi ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zemisebe zalahlwa ezindaweni ezingama-800 ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhuma. Futhi inamandla amakhulu okungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ngemuva kwenhlekelele yaseChernobyl, sekudlule cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kodwa ukubaluleka kokuhlala lapho ngisho nasendaweni eseduze kusaphikisana. Ngenkathi le ndawo ingenabantu, ibuye ibe nezinsiza zemvelo nemfuyo. Manje ukuba khona kwenala nokwehluka kwezilwane zasendle kungamathemba amasha alesi sifunda esiqalekisiwe. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe ngemvelo kusayingozi kubo.
Umthelela Wezilwane Zasendle Nokwehluka Kwezilwane:
Izakhamizi zasendaweni yaseChernobyl zakhishwa isikhashana ngemuva kokuqhuma kwenuzi okwabulala kakhulu okwenzeka cishe eminyakeni engama-34 eyedlule. Kodwa-ke, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi kususwe izimpilo zasendle ngokuphelele endaweni enemisebe. Ngenxa yalokhu, le ndawo yokukhishwa eChernobyl isiphenduke indawo ebalulekile kososayensi bezinto eziphilayo nabacwaningi. Manje abacwaningi abaningi balapha ukuzocwaninga imiphakathi ephilayo enemisebe futhi bathole ukufana kwayo nemiphakathi ejwayelekile ephilayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo-1998, kwakhululwa uhlobo oluthile lwezinhlobo zamahhashi ezingasekho esifundeni. Lolu hlobo lwamahhashi lubizwa ngehhashi likaPrzewalski. Njengoba abantu bengahlali lapha, kwanqunywa ukuthi kuvulwe la mahhashi esifundeni ngezidingo zohlobo lwamahhashi asendle. Umphumela ubuye wanelisa impela.
Selokhu abantu bahlala phansi, le ndawo iba yindawo yokuhlala yezilwane ephelele. Abaningi babuye bachaze njengohlangothi oluqhakazile lwengozi yaseChernobyl. Ngoba ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ndawo ayinakuhlalwa ngabantu, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile njengendawo yokuhlala ephephile yezilwane. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukwehlukahluka kwezitshalo nezilwane nakho kungabonakala lapha.
A Umbiko weNational Geographic ngowezi-2016 wembula ucwaningo ngezilwane zasendle esifundeni saseChernobyl. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zenze umsebenzi wokuqapha amasonto amahlanu lapho. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izilwane zasendle zabanjwa kwikhamera yazo. Inezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo ezibandakanya inyathi eyodwa, izingulube zasendle ezingama-1, ama-badger ayi-21, izimpisi ezingama-9 ezimpunga, ama-sheals ayi-26, amahhashi njalonjalo. Kepha phakathi kwakho konke lokhu, umbuzo usele ngokuthi imisebe engakanani ethinte lezi zilwane.
Njengoba ucwaningo lubonisa, umphumela wokusebenza kwemisebe yezilwane zasendle eChernobyl akuyona neze inkambo emnandi. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezimvemvane, iminyovu, izintethe nezicabucabu ezikhona endaweni. Kepha imiphumela yokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kulezi zinhlobo iphakeme kunokujwayelekile ngenxa yemisebe ye-radioactivity. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lukhombisa nokuthi imisebe yokuqhuma kweChernobyl ayinamandla njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi izilwane zasendle zingaphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinto ezikhipha imisebe ezivezwe emvelweni zibe nomthelela omubi ezitshalweni.
Ukuvinjelwa Kokungcola Kwemisebe Okusuka Esizeni Sezinhlekelele ZaseChernobyl:
Kubikwa ukuthi isembozo sensimbi esiphezulu se-Oven-4 sasiqhume ngenkathi kwenzeka le ngozi enyantisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinto ezinemisebe ebisakhishwa ngomlomo wesiphenduli, ebingcolisa imvelo ngendlela eyingozi.
Nokho, i bese kuba yiSoviet Union ngokushesha yakha i-sarcophagus kakhonkolo, noma izindlu ezikhethekile eziminyene ezizungeze iziphenduli, ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kwezinto ezisele ezikhipha imisebe emoyeni. Kepha le sarcophagus ekuqaleni yayakhelwe iminyaka engama-30 kuphela, futhi abasebenzi abaningi kanye namasosha base belahlekelwe yimpilo yabo ukwakha lesi sakhiwo ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokho, yayibola kancane, ngakho-ke, ososayensi kwakudingeka bayilungise ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokwenza lokho, ososayensi baqala iphrojekthi entsha ebizwa nge- "Chernobyl New Safe Confinement (NSC noma New Shelter)."
IChernobyl New Safe Confinement (NSC):
Ukuvalelwa Okuphephile Okusha kwaseChernobyl isakhiwo esakhelwe ukuvalela izinsalela zophiko lwenombolo 4 ophendulayo eChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, ethathe indawo yesarcophagus endala. Iphrojekthi enkulu yaqedwa ngoJulayi 2019.
Imigomo Yokwakhiwa:
I-New Safe Confinement yakhelwe ngemibandela elandelayo:
- Guqula i-reactor 4 ye-Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant ibhujiswe ibe uhlelo oluphephile kwezemvelo.
- Nciphisa ukugqwala kanye nesimo sezulu sendawo yokukhosela ekhona nesakhiwo se-reactor 4.
- Nciphisa imiphumela yokuwa okungaba khona kwendawo yokukhosela esivele ikhona noma isakhiwo se-reactor 4, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuvalela uthuli olunemisebe eyokhiqizwa ukuwa okunjalo.
- Nika amandla ukudilizwa okuphephile kwezakhiwo ezikhona kodwa ezingazinzile ngokunikela ngemishini esetshenziswa kude ukudiliza kwazo.
- Fanelekela njenge- ukufakwa kwenyukliya Idivayisi.
Okusemqoka Kwezokuphepha:
Kuyo yonke le nqubo, ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nokuvezwa ngemisebe yizinto ezimbili eziseqhulwini iziphathimandla ezinikeze zona, futhi kusalandelwa ukunakekelwa kwaso. Ukwenza lokho, uthuli olunemisebe ekhoselekayo lubhekiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamakhulu ezinzwa. Abasebenzi 'bendawo yasendaweni' baphatha ama-dosimeter amabili, elilodwa libonisa ukuvezwa kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nemininingwane yesibili yokurekhoda yelog yesilinganiso somsebenzi.
Abasebenzi banomkhawulo wokuchayeka ngemisebe nsuku zonke nonyaka. Ama-dosimeter abo abetha uma umkhawulo ufinyelelwe futhi ukufinyelela kwesiza somsebenzi kukhanseliwe. Umkhawulo waminyaka yonke (ama-millisieverts angama-20) ungafinyelelwa ngokuchitha imizuzu eyi-12 ngaphezulu kophahla lwe-sarcophagus yango-1986, noma amahora ambalwa ezungeze kushimula wawo.
Isiphetho:
Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl ngokungangabazeki ingukuqhuma okubi kakhulu kwenuzi emlandweni wezwe. Kwakukubi kakhulu ukuthi umthelela usekhona kule ndawo enyinyekile futhi i-radioactivity ihamba kancane kepha isasakazeka lapho. Izinto ezikhipha imisebe ezigcinwe ngaphakathi eChernobyl Power Plant zihlale ziphoqa lo mhlaba ukuthi ucabange ngezinto eziyingozi zokwenza imisebe ye-radioactivity. Manje idolobha laseChernobyl laziwa ngokuthi idolobha lezipoki. Lokho kuvamile. Yizindlu zokhonkolo kuphela nezindonga ezinamabala ezimile kule ndawo engenamuntu, zifihle ukwesaba mnyama-edlule ngaphansi komhlaba.
