Okunye okufunyenweyo okugrumbayo okugrumbayo kubonakalise ukuba ookhokho bethu babehambele phambili kakhulu kunokuba sicinga ukuba babenjalo, kwaye baye bafumana ulwazi olunjalo kunye nenkqubela phambili echasene nexesha labo, idida nabaphandi kunye nezazinzulu zanamhlanje. Ibhetri yeBaghdad ngomnye wemizekelo enjalo.
Ibhetri yeBaghdad
Ngowe-1938, i-archaeologist yaseJamani UWilhelm Konig wafumana ingqayi yodongwe yakudala ekhangeleka ingaqhelekanga kunye nezinye ezifana nayo njengenxalenye yengqokelela yeMyuziyam yeSizwe yase-Iraq, eyathi yenziwa Ubukhosi baseParthian - inkcubeko yamandulo yaseAsia eyayilawula ininzi yoMbindi Mpuma ukusuka kwi-247 BC ukuya kwi-AD 228. Kamva kwi-1940, uKonig wachaza i-2,200 yeminyaka yodongwe yodongwe njengebhetri yombane endala eyaziwayo. Ingqayi ngokwayo yabhalwa malunga ne-200 BC. Ngelixa abanye ibango, uKonig wemba ingqayi yodongwe ngokwakhe kwindawo yezakudala eIraq.
Nasi isizathu sokuba ingqayi yodongwe eneminyaka engama-2,200 ubudala ibizwa ngokuba “yibhetri yaseBaghdad”
Abo baye bahlolisisa ingqayi yodongwe ngokusondeleyo bathi kukho izinto eziliqela ezibonisa ukuba “iseli emanzi” okanye “ibhetri.” Ingqayi yodongwe ye-nondescript yi-intshi ezi-5½ kuphela ukuphakama ngee-intshi ezi-3 ububanzi. Ukuvula kwatywinwa ngeplagi ye-asphalt, eyayibambe ishidi lobhedu, ifakwe kwi-tube. Le tyhubhu yayifakwe ezantsi kunye necwecwe lobhedu eligcinwe kwindawo yeasphalt. Intonga emxinwa yentsimbi yayincanyathiselwe kwiplagi ye-asphalt ephezulu yaza yaxhonywa embindini wetyhubhu yobhedu - ingachukumisi nayiphi na indawo yayo. Yiyo loo nto ingqayi yodongwe yakudala yaseIraq iye yabizwa ngokuba yi "Baghdad Battery."
Ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwebhetri yeBaghdad
Ukuba ingqayi izaliswe lulwelo oluneasidi, njengeviniga okanye ijusi yomdiliya enegwele, ijika ibe yibhetri ekwaziyo ukuvelisa umlinganiselo omncinci wangoku. Ulwelo oluneasidi luvumela ukuhamba kwee-electron ukusuka kwityhubhu yobhedu ukuya kwintonga yentsimbi xa iitheminali ezimbini zentsimbi ziqhagamshelwe. Lo ngumgaqo ofanayo owafunyanwa nguGalvani iminyaka engama-2,000 kamva kwaye oko I-volta yeAlessandro ifakwe ngempumelelo kwibhetri yokuqala yanamhlanje kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.
Yayisetyenziselwa ntoni ibhetri yaseBaghdad?
Abaphandi abaqhuba iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli zeBaghdad Battery, njengoko iziphumo zikwazi ukuvelisa umbane phakathi kwe-1.5 kunye ne-2 volts ukusuka kwiimodeli. Asinamandla amaninzi. Noko ke, abaphandi basaxakwa kukuba yintoni eyayiza kusetyenziswa iibhetri phantse kwiminyaka engama-2,200 XNUMX eyadlulayo!
Abaninzi baye bachaza ukusetyenziswa kweBaghdad Battery besithi amaGrike namaRoma basebenzisa iintlobo ezithile zeentlanzi zombane kunyango lweentlungu, babeza ngokoqobo ukuya kuma kwi-eel yombane ephilayo de iinyawo zabo ezibuhlungu ze-gout zihambe. Ke ngoko, ibhetri mhlawumbi ibisetyenziswa njengomthombo osele ulungile wombane othomalalisa iintlungu (I-Electroanalgesia).
Ezinye iithiyori zibambe ukuba iibhetri ezininzi bezinokudityaniswa ukuze zenze amandla ombane aphezulu ukuze zisetyenziswe kwi-electroplating yegolide kumphezulu wesilivere. Kaninzi imifuniselo kunye neebhetri ezininzi zeBaghdad zibonise oku kunokwenzeka.
Iinyani ezinomdla ekufuneka uzazi ngebhetri yaseBaghdad
- Iibhetri zeBaghdad ziimbiza zeterracotta ezimalunga ne-115 mm ukuya kwi-140 mm ubude.
- Nangona uWilhelm Konig, umvubukuli waseJamani owayengumlawuli weMyuziyam yeSizwe yase-Iraq, ekholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba wafumanisa iibhetri zeBaghdad kwiingqokelela zemyuziyam ngo-1938, akuqinisekwanga ukuba uKonig uzigrumbe ngokwakhe okanye wazifumana zigcinwe kwimyuziyam.
- UWilhelm Konig wayephakathi kwabokuqala ukuthelekelela ukuba ezi ngqayi zodongwe zamandulo zaziyiminyaka engama-2200 yayiziibhetri kwiphepha elapapashwa ngowe-1940.
- Kwakukholelwa ukuba iibhetri zazisetyenziswa kumaxesha amandulo xa kugalelwa igolide nge-electroplating kwizinto zesilivere, okanye njengomthombo osele ulungile wombane wokuthomalalisa iintlungu. Kuze kube namhlanje la mabango awakaqinisekiswa kwaye akukho bungqina bubambekayo bokuxhasa ezi ngcamango.
- Abantu bamandulo eMesopotamiya basebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba “ukutshisa umlilo” ngeenjongo zokuhombisa.
- Iingcali ze-Astronaut zaMandulo zicebisa ukuba amaJiphutha amandulo ayeqhelene kakhulu neebhetri zeBaghdad. Ngokutsho kwengcamango yabo, iibhetri zisenokuba zisetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa kumagumbi eephiramidi nakwezinye iindawo ezifihlakeleyo ezinjalo. Kodwa le ithiyori nayo ayinabo ubungqina obuyixhasayo. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, akukho mibhalo ibhaliweyo efunyenweyo naphi na ecebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe umbane ngendlela elolo hlobo kumaxesha amandulo, ubuncinci hayi “neebhetri zeBaghdad.”
- Ukuba ezi zixhobo zase-Iraq bezisetyenziswa ngenene njengeebhetri bezinokwandulela iseli ye-electrochemical ka-Alessandro Volta ngewaka leminyaka.
- Abaphandi abaxhasa ithiyori malunga neembiza zeterracotta ukuba ziibhetri zakudala bacebisa ukuba ijusi yomdiliya ebilisiweyo, ijusi yelamuni, okanye iviniga isetyenziswe njenge-electrolyte eneasidi ukuvelisa umbane omncinci wangoku, owawungekho ngaphezulu kwe-2 volts.
- Nangona zimbalwa kakhulu iimvavanyo ezibhaliweyo ngeBaghdad Batteries, ngo-1978, uGqr. Arne Eggebrecht ophuma kwiMyuziyam yasePelizaeus eHildesheim wenze imifuniselo embalwa ngemodeli yebhetri yeBaghdad (ikopi) esebenzisa ijusi yomdiliya njengolwelo oluneasidi kunye neengqimba ezicekethekileyo zesilivere. nto leyo ekucingelwa ukuba yabangela ukuveliswa kombane.
- Elizabeth Stone, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseStony Brook kunye nengcali kwi-archaeology yase-Iraqi, ithi ezi zixhobo zazingekho iibhetri kwaye akavumelani ngokupheleleyo nabani na ozama ukucebisa ngenye indlela.
- Ukunikezelwa kweenkcazo zeBaghdad Batteries, ezi zitywinwe phezulu ngeziqwenga zetsimbi ngoko bekuya kuba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuba zidibanise nantoni na nokuba zivelise umbane ngaphandle kokuba uyilo lutshintshile.
- Akukho cingo okanye naziphi na iikhondaktha ezifunyenweyo okanye ezinxulumene neBaghdad Batteries.
- Kukho ezinye izinto zakudala ezifana neebhetri zeBaghdad ezifumaneka kulo lonke elaseMesopotamiya, ubukhulu becala bezisetyenziselwa ukugcina ipapyrus.
- Uphando lubonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba imisongo yompapiri ebolileyo efakwe phakathi kwezi nqanawa inokuba ibangele intsalela yeasidi yezinto eziphilayo.
Ke, uthini uluvo lwakho nge "Baghdad Battery?" Ngaba ngokwenene eli libhetri elalisetyenziswa ukwenza umbane kumaxesha amandulo? Okanye, luhlobo nje lwembiza yeterracotta yokubamba imisongo yepapyrus?
