IiPyramid Ezikhulu zaseGiza zimi njengobungqina bobuchule bamaJiphutha amandulo. Kangangeenkulungwane, abaphengululi nababhali-mbali bebesoloko bezibuza ukuba ibutho labantu elinobugcisa obulinganiselweyo nezinto eziphathekayo lakwazi njani ukwakha isakhiwo esihle ngolo hlobo. Kuhlolisiso oluye lwenziwa, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa iDiary kaMerer, nto leyo ebonisa ukukhanya okutsha kwiindlela zokwakha ezazisetyenziswa ngexesha loLawulo Lwesine lwaseYiputa. Le papyrus ineminyaka engama-4,500 ubudala, eyona indala emhlabeni, inika ingcaciso eneenkcukacha malunga nokuthuthwa kwelitye lekalika elikhulu kunye neebhloko zegranite, ekugqibeleni ityhila ubunjineli obumangalisayo emva kwePiramidi Enkulu yaseGiza.
Ukuqonda kwiDayari kaMerer
UMerer, igosa elikumgangatho ophakathi ekubhekiselwa kulo njengomhloli (sHD), wabhala ungcelele lweencwadi ze<em>papyrus ngoku ezaziwa ngokuba yi “The Diary of Merer” okanye “Papyrus Jarf.” Ukusukela emva kunyaka wama-27 wolawulo lukaFaro Khufu, ezi ncwadi zelog zazibhalwe ngoluhlu olubhalwe ngoluhlu lwemihla ngemihla lwemisebenzi kaMerer neqela lakhe. Awona macandelo alondolozwe kakuhle, abhalwe iPapyrus Jarf A kunye no-B, abonelela ngamaxwebhu okuthuthwa kweebhloko zelitye lekalika elimhlophe ukusuka kwiikwari zaseTura ukuya eGiza ngesikhephe.
Ukufunyanwa kwakhona kwezicatshulwa
Ngo-2013, abembi bezinto zakudala baseFransi uPierre Tallet kunye noGregory Marouard, ababekhokela uthumo eWadi al-Jarf kunxweme loLwandle oluBomvu, babhaqa i<em>papyri eyayingcwatywe phambi kwemiqolomba eyenziwe ngabantu eyayisetyenziselwa ukugcina izikhephe. Oku kufunyenweyo kuye kwanconywa njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezifunyenweyo eYiputa ngenkulungwane yama-21. UTallet noMark Lehner bade bayibiza ngokuba “yimisongo yoLwandle Olubomvu,” beyithelekisa “neMisongo yoLwandle Olufileyo,” ukuze bagxininise ukubaluleka kwayo. Iinxalenye zepapyri ngoku ziboniswe kwiMyuziyam yaseYiputa eCairo.
Ubuchule bokwakha obutyhiliweyo
I-Merer's Diary, kunye nezinye izinto ezigrunjwayo, zinike ulwazi olutsha kwiindlela zokwakha ezazisetyenziswa ngamaYiputa amandulo:
- Amazibuko enziweyo: Ukwakhiwa kwamazibuko yayilixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseYiputa, evula amathuba orhwebo anengeniso kunye nokuseka unxibelelwano nemihlaba ekude.
- UThutho loMlambo: Idayari ka-Merer ityhila ukusetyenziswa kwezikhephe zomthi, ezenziwe ngokukodwa ngamaplanga kunye neentambo, ezikwaziyo ukuthwala amatye anobunzima obufikelela kwiitoni ezili-15. Ezi zikhephe zazibhexwa ezantsi kuMlambo umNayile, ekugqibeleni zithutha amatye ukusuka eTura ukuya eGiza. Malunga neentsuku ezilishumi, iihambo ezimbini okanye ezintathu zokuya nokubuya zazisenziwa, kuthunyelwa mhlawumbi iibhloko ezingama-30 zeetoni ezi-2–3 inye, efikelela kwiibhloko ezingama-200 ngenyanga.
- ImiSebenzi yaManzi enoBuchule: Rhoqo ehlotyeni, izikhukula zeNayile zazivumela amaJiphutha ukuba aphambukise amanzi ngomjelo owenziwe ngumntu, edala izibuko elingaphakathi elizweni elikufuphi kakhulu nesiza sokwakhiwa kwephiramidi. Le nkqubo yenza kube lula ukumiswa kwezikhephe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izinto zihambe kakuhle.
- INdibano yesikhitshane esintsonkothileyo: Ngokusebenzisa iskena se-3D samaplanga enqanawa kunye nokufunda imikrolo yamangcwaba kunye neenqanawa zamandulo ezachithwayo, i-archaeologist u-Mohamed Abd El-Maguid uye waphinda wakha kwakhona isikhephe sase-Egypt ngobuchule. Ithungelwe ngeentambo endaweni yezikhonkwane okanye izikhonkwane zomthi, eli phenyane lamandulo lisebenza njengobungqina bobuchule obumangalisayo belo xesha.
- Igama lokwenyani lePyramid enkulu: Idayari ikwakhankanya negama lokuqala lePiramidi Enkulu: Akhet-Khufu, elithetha "iHorizon of Khufu".
- Ukongeza kwiMerer, abanye abantu abambalwa bakhankanywa kwiziqwenga. Okubaluleke kakhulu ngu-Ankkhaf (umntakwabo kaFaro Khufu), owaziwayo kweminye imithombo, ekukholelwa ukuba wayeyinkosana kunye ne-vizier phantsi kwe-Khufu kunye / okanye i-Khafre. Kwi-papyri ubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ohloniphekileyo (u-Iry-pat) kunye nomveleli weRa-shi-Khufu, (mhlawumbi) ichweba laseGiza.
Iimpembelelo kunye nelifa
Ukufunyanwa kweMerer's Diary kunye nezinye izinto zakudala kuye kwaveza ubungqina bokuba kukho indawo enkulu yokuhlala exhasa abasebenzi abaqikelelwa kuma-20,000 ababandakanyekayo kwiprojekthi. Ubungqina bokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala balatha kwibutho labantu elalibaxabisile yaye libakhathalele abasebenzi balo, libonelela ngokutya, indawo yokuhlala, nodumo kwabo babesenza iiphiramidi. Ngaphezu koko, lo msebenzi wobunjineli wabonisa amandla amaJiphutha okuseka iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zeziseko ezingundoqo ezaya ngaphaya kwephiramidi ngokwayo. Ezi nkqubo zaziza kubumba impucuko kwiminyaka eyiwaka ezayo.
Iingcamango zokugqibela
I-Merer's Diary inikezela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokuthuthwa kweebhloko zamatye zokwakhiwa kweePiramidi zaseGiza ngokusebenzisa imijelo yamanzi kunye neenqanawa. Nangona kunjalo, ayinguye wonke umntu oqinisekileyo ngolwazi olufunyenwe kwidayari kaMerer. Ngokutsho kwabanye abaphandi abazimeleyo, ishiya imibuzo engaphendulekiyo malunga nokuba ezi zikhephe zazikwazi na ukulawula amatye amakhulu asetyenzisiweyo, ibangela ukuthandabuza ukusebenza kwawo. Ukongeza, idayari iyasilela ukunika iinkcukacha zendlela echanekileyo eyayisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bakudala ukudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa la matye makhulu kunye, ishiya oomatshini emva kokudalwa kwezi zakhiwo zesikhumbuzo ubukhulu becala bugutyungelwe yimfihlakalo.
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba uMerer, igosa lamandulo laseYiputa elikhankanywe kwimibhalo kunye ne-logbooks, wafihla okanye wasebenzisa ulwazi malunga nenkqubo yokwakhiwa kwePiramidi yaseGiza? Kuyo yonke imbali, imibhalo yamandulo kunye nemibhalo ibisoloko isetyenziswa, ibaxwa, okanye ithotywa ngababhali phantsi kwempembelelo yabasemagunyeni kunye nolawulo. Kwelinye icala, abantu abaninzi bazama ukugcina iindlela zabo zokwakha nobuchule bokwakha buyimfihlo kwizikumkani ezikhuphisanayo. Ngoko ke, bekungayi kumangalisa ukuba uMerer okanye abanye ababebandakanyekile ekwakhiweni kwelitye lesikhumbuzo bayigqwetha inyaniso okanye bazifihle ngabom iinkalo ezithile ukuze bahlale benenzuzo yokhuphiswano.
Phakathi kobukho kunye nokungabikho kobuchwephesha obuphezulu okanye iingxilimbela zakudala, ukufunyanwa kweMerer's Diary kuhlala kuphawuleka ngokwenene ekutyhileni iimfihlo zaseYiputa zamandulo kunye neengqondo ezintsonkothileyo zabemi bayo.
