Olona vavanyo lwesayensi lungathandabuzekiyo kwimbali yoluntu
Sonke siyazi ukuba isayensi imalunga 'nokufumanisa' kunye 'nokuhlola' okuthatha indawo yolwazi kunye neenkolelo ngolwazi. Kwaye imihla ngemihla, iitoni zovavanyo lwezesayensi ezinomdla zithathe indima ebalulekileyo ukufezekisa ukuphakama kumacandelo afana ne-biomedicine kunye neengqondo, okwenza indlela emangalisayo yokuphuhlisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqokelela ulwazi olufanelekileyo, ukunyanga ukungaqheleki ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo, kwaye nokugcina Ukusuka kwiimeko ezithile ezibulalayo ngaxeshanye. Kodwa inokubandakanya ukwenza izinto ezintle ezothusayo. Kule minyaka ingama-200 idlulileyo, oosonzululwazi egameni lophando olwenziwe ubuvulandlela baye benza olona vavanyo lungaqhelekanga nolukhohlakeleyo kwimbali yoluntu oluya kuluhlupha uluntu ngonaphakade.
Apha, olu luhlu lulandelayo lolona vavanyo lwenzululwazi luphazamisayo, luyothusayo kwaye alunasimilo oluye lwenziwa kwimbali yoluntu oluya kukunika amaphupha amabi xa ulele:
1 | OoYesu abathathu
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, ugqirha wezengqondo uMilton Rokeach wafumanisa ukuba amadoda amathathu aphethwe kukukhohliswa ekubeni enguYesu. Indoda nganye yayineembono ezizodwa malunga nokuba yayingobani. URokeach wabadibanisa kwisibhedlele sase-Ypsilanti State eMichigan kwaye benza uvavanyo apho abaguli abathathu bezigulo zengqondo bahlala kunye iminyaka emibini, ngelinge lokufumanisa ukuba iinkolelo zabo zingatshintsha na.
Phantse ngoko nangoko, baxabana ukuba ngubani ngokwenene uYesu. Isigulana esinye sinokukhala komnye, “Hayi, uya kundinqula!” inyusa imbambano. Ukususela ekuqaleni, uRokeach wasebenzisa ubomi bezigulana ngokudala imeko enkulu ekukhohliseni iimpendulo zeemvakalelo. Ekugqibeleni, akukho namnye kwizigulana onyangiweyo. I-Rokeach ifake imibuzo eliqela ngokubhekisele kunyango lwayo iziphumo ebezingaqinisekanga kwaye zingenaxabiso.
2 | Uvavanyo lweBanjwa laseStanford
Ngomnyaka we-1971, uvavanyo kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford eCalifornia lwabonisa ukuba abantu, nokuba abo singalindelanga, ngokwemvelo banecala elibi elivelayo ngenxa yezinto ezithile. Ugqirha wezengqondo uPhilip Zimbardo kunye neqela lakhe lophando bathatha i-24 kwizidanga zokuqala kwaye babanika iindima njengamabanjwa okanye abalindi, kwintolongo ehlekisayo ekhampasini.
Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yokungasebenzisi naluphi na uhlobo lobundlobongela ekugcineni ulawulo nocwangco, emva kweentsuku nje ezimbalwa, omnye koonogada abathathu ubonakalise utyekelo olubi, amabanjwa amabini kuye kwafuneka asuswe kwangoko ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwasemphefumlweni, kwaye lonke uvavanyo luthathe kuphela ezintandathu iintsuku ezili-14 ezicwangcisiweyo. Ibonakalise ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo banokuba gadalala ngokulula njani, kwiimeko apho ifikeleleka ngokulula, nokuba bengabonisanga zimpawu phambi kovavanyo.
3 | Ubunjani Bomntu-Ubanjiswe Kwimouse!
Abaphandi kwiZiko leSalk eLa Jolla bafumanise indlela yokukhulisa iiseli zengqondo yomntu ngokufaka inaliti ye-embryonic stem kwiimpuku zomntwana. Oku kudibanisa ukungcangcazela kwamawele kweeseli zeziqu kunye nophando lwe-transgenic ukusinika nokuba ziintsana zeempuku ezi squirmy, okanye abantu abaneengqondo zeentonga.
4 | Uvavanyo lweNazi loLuntu oludumileyo
Kwimbali yoluntu, ubugwenxa bezonyango obenziwa ngamaNazi kuthiwa zezona ziganeko zingaqhelekanga neziphazamisayo ezibhalwe kakuhle nezothusayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Oluvavanyo lwenziwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, kwaye uninzi lwezi meko zabangela ukusweleka, ukonakala, okanye ukukhubazeka okusisigxina.
Baza kuzama ukufakelwa kwamathambo, izihlunu, kunye nemithambo-luvo; ukuveza amaxhoba kwizifo nakwimichiza; inzalo, nayo nayiphi na into enokugqalwa ngoogqirha abangamaNazi.
Olona vavanyo lukhohlakeleyo lwenziwa ngeminyaka yoo-1940 ngugqirha wamaNazi ogama linguJosef Mengele, owayekwabizwa ngokuba ngu “Ingelosi Yokufa”. Usebenzise iiseti ezingama-1,500 zamawele, ubukhulu becala abantwana baseRomany kunye namaJuda, kuvavanyo olubuhlungu e-Auschwitz. Bamalunga nama-200 kuphela abasindayo. Uvavanyo lwakhe lwaluquka ukuthatha iliso elinye lamawele aze alincamathisele emva kwentloko yelinye iwele, ukutshintsha umbala wamehlo abantwana ngenaliti yedayi, ukubabeka kumagumbi oxinzelelo, ukuzivavanya ngeziyobisi, ukuthena okanye ukuqhwalela ekufeni, kunye nokuveza izinto ezahlukeneyo. ezinye iintlungu. Kwesinye isihlandlo, amawele amabini aseRomany athungwa kunye ukuzama ukudala amawele adibeneyo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngo-1942, ukunceda abaqhubi beenqwelo moya baseJamani, uMkhosi Womoya waseJamani (wamaNazi) wavalela amabanjwa kwingxinano yaseDachau kwigumbi elingangeni moya, nelinoxinzelelo oluncinci. Igumbi lenzelwe ukuba imeko ngaphakathi kwayo ibephezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-66,000 ft. Olu vavanyo luyingozi lukhokelele ekufeni kwe-80 kwizifundo ze-200. Abo basindileyo babulawa ngeendlela ezoyikekayo.
Into eyothusayo yindlela eluncedo ngayo olu lwazi kwisayensi yezonyango. Inani elikhulu lolwazi lwethu malunga nokuphakama okuphezulu, i-hypothermia kunye nefuthe elibandayo ebantwini ngokusekwe kule datha iqokelelweyo kulingo olunzima olunje lwamaNazi. Uninzi liphakamise imibuzo malunga nokuziphatha kokusebenzisa idatha eqokelelwe phantsi kweemeko ezoyikisayo.
5 | Isifundo seMonster
Ngo-1939, abaphandi beYunivesithi yase-Iowa uWendell Johnson noMary Tudor benza ilinge lokuthintitha kubantwana abaziinkedama abangama-22 eDavenport, eIowa; besithi bazokufumana unyango lokuthetha. Oogqirha bahlule abantwana baba ngamaqela amabini, elokuqala lifumana unyango oluqinisekileyo lokuthetha apho abantwana babenconywa ngokuthetha ngokutyibilikayo.
Kwiqela lesibini, abantwana bafumana unyango olubi lokuthetha kwaye bejongela phantsi yonke into yokungafezeki kwintetho. Abantwana abathetha ngokwesiqhelo kwiqela lesibini bakhulisa iingxaki zokuthetha abazigcinayo ubomi babo bonke. Zoyikiswa ziindaba zolingo lomntu olwenziwa ngamaNazi, uJohnson noTudor zange bazipapashe iziphumo zabo “Isifundo Sezigebenga.”
6 | Ikhowudi yesazisi enokufakelwa
Ukuchongwa kweRadio-frequency (RFID) isebenzisa amasimi e-electromagnetic ukuchonga ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokulandelela iithegi eziqhotyoshelwe kwizinto. Iimpawu zinolwazi olugcinwe ngombane. Eyokuqala RFID Ukufakwa komntu kwakungu-1998, kwaye ukusukela ngoko ibe yinto elula kubantu abafuna ukuba yi-cyborg encinci. Ngoku iinkampani, iintolongo nezibhedlele FDA kuvunywa Ukuzifaka ebantwini, ukuze zilandelele apho abantu baya khona. Igqwetha jikelele laseMexico lafumana abasebenzi abali-18 abasikiweyo ukulawula abo banamaxwebhu. Ithemba lokuba ishishini linyanzela abasebenzi balo ukuba bafumane ukufakwa kwalo naluphi na uhlobo luyothusa kwaye luxhomekeke.
7 | Amalinge okuzalwa ngokutsha kweentsana (kwii-1960s)
Kwii-1960s, abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia basebenzise malunga ne-113 yeentsana ezinenyanga enye ukuya kwezintathu kuvavanyo olwahlukeneyo lokufunda utshintsho kuxinzelelo lwegazi nasekuhambeni kwegazi. Kokunye kuvavanyo, i-50 yeentsana zazibotshelelwe ngokukodwa kwibhodi yolwaluko. Baye bathambeka kwinqanaba elithile ukwenza ukuba igazi ligijime entloko ukuze uxinzelelo lwegazi luvavanywe.
8 | Uvavanyo lwemitha kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo
Emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, izixhobo ezinemitha eqhumayo zavavanywa kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Abaphandi bezonyango eMelika bondle izidlo ezinemitha ye-radio kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo abangama-829 ngelixa besebenzela umbono wabo we-radioactivity kunye nemfazwe yamachiza emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II). Amaxhoba axelelwe ukuba anikwe 'iziselo ezinamandla' eziza kuphucula impilo yeentsana zabo. Asikuko nje ukuba abantwana babhubha ngenxa ye-leukemia, kodwa oomama baba namava erhabaxa kakhulu kunye nokugruzuka, kunye nezinye izifo ezinomhlaza.
9 | USigmund Freud kunye neMeko kaEmma Eckstein
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, u-Eckstein weza kuFreud ukuze anyangwe isifo se-nervous. Wamfumanisa ukuba une-hysteria kunye ne-masturbation egqithisileyo. Umhlobo wakhe uWillhelm Fleis wayekholelwa ekubeni i-hysteria kunye ne-masturbation egqithisileyo inokunyangwa ngokuphelisa impumlo, ke wenza utyando e-Eckstein apho wayitshisa khona impumlo. Wayefumana izifo ezothusayo, kwaye wasala ekhubazeke ngokusisigxina njengoko uFleiss wayeshiye i-gauze yotyando kwindlela yakhe yempumlo. Abanye abantu basetyhini bahlupheka kuvavanyo olufanayo.
10 | Uvavanyo lweMilgram
Uvavanyo "olothusayo" oludumileyo olwenziwa nguStanley Milgram ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kolunye lolingo lwengqondo olwaziwa kakhulu phaya, kwaye ngesizathu esivakalayo. Ibonakalisile ukuba abantu baya kude kangakanani xa bayalelwa ukuba benzakalise omnye umntu ngumntu onegunya. Isifundo esaziwayo seengqondo sizise amavolontiya awayecinga ukuba athatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo apho baya kuthi bathumele umothuko kwesinye isifundo sovavanyo.
Ugqirha ucele ukuba bazise umothuko omkhulu nangaphezulu, oqala kwi-15 volts ukuya esiphelweni se-volts ezingama-450, nokuba "isifundo sovavanyo" saqala ukukhala kwintlungu kwaye (kwezinye iimeko) sife. Ngokwenyani, uvavanyo lwalukukubona indlela abantu abathobelayo abaya kuba ngayo xa ugqirha ebaxelela ukuba benze into ebonakalayo iyothusa kwaye inokubulala.
Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kuvavanyo babezimisele ukothusa "izifundo zovavanyo" (Abadlali abaqeshwe nguMilgram abanike iimpendulo ezingezizo) bada bakholelwa ukuba ezo zifundo zonzakele okanye zafa. Emva kwexesha, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba bathi babenzakele ngenxa yobomi emva kokufumanisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela engenabuntu.
11 | Inkuthazo yezesondo kaRobert Heath
URobert G. Heath wayengugqirha wezengqondo waseMelika owayelandela ithiyori ka 'kwengqondo yengqondo' ukuba iziphene eziphilayo zazingumthombo kuphela wokugula ngengqondo, kwaye ngenxa yoko iingxaki zengqondo zazinyangeka ngendlela ebonakalayo. Ukungqina oko, ngo-1953, uGqirha Heath wafaka ii-electrode kwingqondo yesifundo kwaye wothusa indawo ye-septal-ehambelana neemvakalelo zolonwabo- kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi zobuchopho.
Ukusebenzisa oku ukuvuselela ingqondo enzulu Inkqubo, wayezama kulo mbandela ngonyango lokuguqula isitabane kwaye wathi waguqula ngempumelelo umntu olifanasini, obhalwe ephepheni lakhe Umonde B-19. I-septal electrode zaye zavuselelwa ngelixa wayeboniswa izinto ezingamanyala ngokwesini. Isigulana kamva sakhuthazwa ukuba sibe neentlobano zesini nehenyukazi eligayelwe isifundo. Ngenxa yoko, uHeath wathi isigulana siguqulwe ngempumelelo sathandana nabantu besini esahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, olu phando luya kuthathwa njengolungekho mthethweni namhlanje ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo zobuntu.
12 | Inzululwazi ivumela izinambuzane zihlale ngaphakathi kuye!
Intlabathi yesanti, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-chigger flea, intle kakhulu. Igqobhoza ngokusisigxina kulusu lomamkeli wegazi ofudumeleyo- njengomntu- apho idumba khona, ikhuphe ize ivelise amaqanda, ngaphambi kokuba ife emva kweeveki ezi-4 ukuya kwezi-6, isangena kulusu. Sazi okuninzi malunga nabo, kodwa kude kube ngoku, ubomi babo besini bufihlwe yimfihlakalo. Ayisekho: Umphandi waseMadagascar wayenomdla kakhulu kuphuhliso lwentlabathi kangangokuba wavumela enye yeebugs ukuba ihlale ngaphakathi kwonyawo iinyanga ezimbini. Ukuqwalaselwa kwakhe ngokusondeleyo kuhlawulwe: Uye wafumanisa ukuba iiparasites zinokwabelana ngesondo xa abantu basetyhini sele bengaphakathi kwimikhosi yabo.
13 | Umncedisi weStimocece
UJosé Delgado, uprofesa waseYale, wasungula iStimocever, unomathotholo ofakwe kwingqondo ukulawula isimilo. Eyona nto imangalisayo, wabonisa ukusebenza kwayo ngokumisa inkunzi yenkomo ehlawulisayo. Ngaphandle kokuba le nto inokulawula iintshukumo zabantu. Kwimeko enye, ukufakelwa kubangele ukukhuthazeka komfazi, oye wayeka ukuzijonga kwaye waphulukana nemisebenzi yeemoto emva kokusebenzisa isikhuthazi. Uye wavelisa isilonda emnweni wakhe ngokusoloko ehlengahlengisa ukucofa kwe-amplitude.
14 | Uvavanyo lwe-THN1412
Ngo-2007, izilingo zeziyobisi zaqala ITHN1412, unyango lwe-leukemia. Kwavavanywa ngaphambili kwizilwanyana kwaye kwafunyanwa kukhuselekile ngokupheleleyo. Ngokubanzi, ichiza lithathwa njengelikhuselekileyo ukuvavanya ebantwini xa kufunyaniswa ukuba alizali kwizilwanyana. Xa ukuvavanywa kwaqala kwizifundo zabantu, abantu banikwa idosi ephindwe ka-500 ephantsi kunaleyo ifunyenwe ikhuselekile kwizilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, eli chiza, elikhuselekileyo kwizilwanyana, libangele ukusilela komzimba kwizifundo zovavanyo. Apha umahluko phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu wawubulala.
15 | UGqirha William Beaumont kunye nesisu
Ngo-1822, umrhwebi woboya kwisiqithi saseMackinac eMichigan wadutyulwa ngempazamo esiswini wanyangwa nguGqirha William Beaumont. Ngaphandle kwengqikelelo eyothusayo, umrhwebi woboya wasinda- kodwa enomngxunya (fistula) esiswini sakhe engazange inyange. Ukuqonda elona thuba lilodwa lokujonga inkqubo yokwetyisa, iBeaumont yaqala ukwenza uvavanyo. IBeaumont yayiza kubopha ukutya kumtya, emva koko ikufake emngxunyeni esiswini somrhwebi. Rhoqo emva kweeyure ezimbalwa, uBeaumont wayeza kukususa ukutya ukuze ajonge indlela ekwetyiswe ngayo. Nangona ilusizi, amalinge kaBeaumont akhokelela ekwamkelweni kwilizwe liphela ukuba ukwetyisa yayiyikhemikhali, hayi inkqubo yoomatshini.
16 | Iiprojekthi zeCIA MK-ULTRA kunye neQKHILLTOP
IMK-ULTRA yayiligama lekhowudi kuthotho lovavanyo lwe-CIA lokulawulwa kwengqondo, olungene kakhulu kwimibuzo yemichiza kunye nomthamo we-LSD. Ukusebenza kwi-Climax yasezinzulwini zobusuku, baqesha oonongogo ukuba bathathe abathengi nge-LSD ukuze babone iimpembelelo zayo kubathathi-nxaxheba abangathandiyo. Kwawona umbono wokuba iarhente kaRhulumente izama ukulawula iingqondo, zombini ukukhulisa amandla engqondo kubahlobo bayo, kunye nokutshabalalisa ezo zintshaba zayo, yoyikeka ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngo-1954, i-CIA yavelisa uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuba Iprojekthi yeQKHILLTOP ukufunda ubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha baseTshayina, abathi emva koko basebenzise iindlela ezintsha zokubuza imibuzo. Owayekhokela uphando yayinguGqirha Harold Wolff waseCornell University Medical School. Emva kokucela ukuba i-CIA imnike ulwazi malunga nokuvalelwa, ukuphulukana nokuthotywa, ukungcungcuthekiswa, ukuhlanjwa kwengqondo, ukulaliswa kwamathambo, kunye nokunye, iqela lophando likaWolff laqala ukwenza isicwangciso apho baya kuthi baphuhlise iziyobisi eziyimfihlo kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokonakalisa ubuchopho. Ngokwencwadi ayibhalileyo, ukuze kuvavanywe ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zophando oluyingozi, uWolff wayelindele ukuba i-CIA “yenze ukuba kufumaneke izifundo ezifanelekileyo.
17 | Ukukhupha amalungu omzimba ukuze unyange ukungaphili
UGqirha Henry Cotton wayengugqirha oyintloko wase New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum ebizwa ngoku ukuba yi Trenton Psychiatric Hospital. Wayeqinisekile ukuba amalungu angaphakathi, emva kokukhula kosulelo, yayingoyena nobangela wobuyatha kwaye, ke, kufuneka akhutshwe ukuze kufundwe. Ngo-1907, i "Utyando lwebacteriology" iinkqubo zenziwa rhoqo ngaphandle kwemvume yezigulana. Amazinyo, iitoni kunye nezitho zangaphakathi ezinzulu ezinje ngeekholoni ekrokrelwa ukuba zibangela ubuhlanya zakhutshwa. Ukungqina le nyaniso, ugqirha wakhupha amazinyo akhe, kunye nawomfazi wakhe noonyana bakhe! Izigulana ezingamashumi amane anesithoba zabulawa ziinkqubo, athe wazithethelela ngazo "Inqanaba lokuphela kwengqondo." Okwangoku uthathwa njengengcali enguvulindlela owavula indlela yeenzame zokuphilisa ubuhlanya - kodwa abagxeki bayayijonga iyothusa imisebenzi yakhe, nangona kunjalo!
18 | IHepatitis kuBantwana abakhubazeke ngengqondo
Ngama-1950, iWillowbrook State School, iziko elilawulwa ngurhulumente laseNew York labantwana abakhubazeke ngengqondo, laqala ukudubuleka sisifo sesibindi. Ngenxa yeemeko ezingacocekanga, bekungenakuphepheka ukuba aba bantwana banesifo se-hepatitis. UGqr.Saul Krugman, othunyelwe ukuba ayokuphanda ukugqabhuka, uphakamise uvavanyo olunokunceda ekuphuhliseni iyeza lokugonya. Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwalufuna ukosulela ngabom esi sifo. Nangona isifundo sikaKrugman sasinempikiswano kwasekuqaleni, abagxeki bathi cwaka ngencwadi yemvume eyafunyanwa kubazali bomntwana ngamnye. Ngokwenyani, ukunika umntwana wakho kuvavanyo yayikukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukwamkelwa kwiziko eligcweleyo.
19 | Uvavanyo lwaBantu kwiSoviet Union
Ukuqala ngo-1921 kwaye kuqhubeke uninzi lwenkulungwane yama-21, iSoviet Union yasebenzisa iilebhu zetyhefu ezaziwa njengeLabhoratri 1, iLebhu ye-12, kunye neKamera njengezixhobo zophando ezifihlakeleyo zearhente yamapolisa eyimfihlo. Amabanjwa aphuma kwiGulags afumana inani leetyhefu ezibulalayo, injongo yazo yayikukufumana ikhemikhali engenancasa, engenavumba engenakufunyanwa emva kokuba efile. Uvavanyo oluvavanyiweyo lubandakanya irhasi yemastadi, i-ricin, i-digitoxin, kunye ne-curare, phakathi kwabanye. Amadoda nabafazi abakubudala obahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zomzimba baziswa kwiilebhu kwaye banikwa ityhefu "njengeyeza," okanye inxenye yesidlo okanye isiselo.
20 | Ukugcina iNtloko yeNja iphila
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1920, ugqirha waseSoviet ogama linguSergei Brukhonenko wagqiba kwelokuba avavanye ithiyori yakhe, ngokwenza uvavanyo olunzima kakhulu. Wanqumla inja kwaye wasebenzisa umatshini wokuzenzela obizwa ngokuba 'autojektor,ukwazile ukugcina intloko iphila iiyure ezininzi. Wakhanyisa isibane emehlweni, amehlo aqhwanyaza. Xa ibetha isando etafileni, inja yaqhwanyaza. Wade wondla intloko sisiqhekeza setshizi, esikhawuleze saphuma kumbhobho we-oesophagal kwelinye icala. Inene intloko ibiphila. UBrukhonenko uvelise ingxelo entsha ye autojektor (ukuze isetyenziswe ebantwini) kwakuloo nyaka; inokubonwa namhlanje kwisiboniso seMyuziyam yoNyango lweeNhliziyo kwiZiko lezeNzululwazi laseBakulev lonyango lwe-Cardiovascular Surgery eRashiya.
21 | Iprojekthi kaLazaro
Ngexesha le-1930s, ugqirha Robert E. Cornish, usosayensi oselula waseCalifornia owothusa isizwe ngokuzisa inja efileyo, ULazaro, Buyela ebomini emva kwemizamo emithathu yokusilela. Ubanga ukuba ufumene indlela yokugcina ubomi kwabafileyo; Kwimeko apho kungakhange kubekho malungu aphambili onakeleyo. Kule nkqubo, wayeza kufaka inhlanganisela ethile yemichiza ngemithambo yezidumbu. Ngoku wayelungiselela ukuphinda uvavanyo lwakhe esebenzisa izifundo zabantu. Ke waye wacela iirhuluneli zala mazwe mathathu, iColorado, iArizona kunye neNevada ukuba imnike imizimba yabaphuli-mthetho emva kokuba kuthiwe bafile kumagumbi abulala igesi - kodwa izicelo zakhe zakhatywa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuva ingxaki yakhe, malunga nabantu abangama-50, abanomdla kwisayensi kunye nomvuzo onokubakho, bazinikela njengezifundo.
22 | Uvavanyo lwaBantu eNoth Korea
Iziphene ezininzi zaseNyakatho Korea zichaze ukungqina amatyala aphazamisayo olingo lomntu. Kokunye ukurhanelwa, abafazi abangama-50 abasempilweni banikwa amagqabi ekhaphetshu enetyhefu- bonke abafazi abangama-50 babeswelekile kungaphelanga nemizuzu engama-20. Olunye uvavanyo oluchaziweyo lubandakanya ukwenziwa kotyando kumabanjwa ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia, indlala enenjongo, ukubetha amabanjwa ngaphezulu kwentloko ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amaxhoba afana ne-zombie ukwenza into ekujoliswe kuyo, kunye namagumbi apho iintsapho ziphela zibulawa ngegesi yokufuthanisela. Kuthiwa inyanga nenyanga, kuqokelela iveni emnyama eyaziwa ngokuba yi “crow” 40-50 abantu abasenkampini kwaye babasa kwindawo eyaziwayo yovavanyo.
23 | Iprojekthi yokuThintela
Iprojekthi yokulinga ulingelo yenziwa ngexesha localucalulo eMzantsi Afrika. Ekhokelwa nguGqirha Aubrey Levin, le nkqubo yachonga amajoni angamafanasini asemkhosini kwaye abahlukumeza kanobom kwezonyango. Phakathi kowe-1971 nowe-1989, amajoni amaninzi angeniswa kunyango lweekhemikhali kunye nonyango lokothuka ngombane. Xa babengenakukwazi ukutshintsha inkanuko yesini yamaxhoba athile, banyanzela amajoni ukuba atshintshe isini. Kuxelwe ukuba ngamadoda angama-900 angama-gay, ubukhulu becala aphakathi kweminyaka eyi-16 ukuya kwengama-24 ubudala, aguqulwa abafazi.
24 | Icandelo 731
Kwi-1937, i Umkhosi waseJapan woMkhosi uthathe olona hlobo lwanqabileyo lolinge kwimbali yoluntu, nangona lwaziwa kancinci kunoluvavanyo lwamaNazi- ngoba, uyakuyifumana emva kwethutyana. Yayijongene nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oludumileyo olwenziwa yi-Imperial Japan.
Oluvavanyo lwenziwe kwisixeko sasePingfang kwiphaphethi yaseJapan yaseManchukuo (ngoku eyiNyakatho-mpuma yeChina). Baye bakha isakhiwo esikhulu esinezakhiwo eziyi-105 kwaye bazisa izifundo zovavanyo kubandakanya neentsana, abantu abadala kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Uninzi lwamaxhoba abaye bazama ngawo yayingamaTshayina ngelixa ipesenti encinci yayingamaSoviet, amaMongolia, amaKorea kunye nezinye ii-POWs ezimanyeneyo.
Amawaka kubo bangeniswa kuvavanyo, besenza utyando olungenelelayo kumabanjwa, besusa amalungu ukuze bafunde iziphumo zezifo emzimbeni womntu, zihlala zingenayo i-anesthesia kwaye zihlala ziphela ngokufa kwamaxhoba. Oku kwaqhutywa ngelixa abaguli besaphila kuba bekucingelwa ukuba ukusweleka kwesi sifundo kuya kuchaphazela iziphumo. Amabanjwa anqunyulwa imilenze ukuze afunde ukopha. La malungu asuswe ngamanye amaxesha abuye ancanyathiselwe kumacala omzimba.
Amanye amabanjwa akhutshwa isisu ngotyando kwaye umqala wanamathela emathunjini. Iinxalenye zamalungu, ezinje ngengqondo, imiphunga, kunye nesibindi, zasuswa kwamanye amabanjwa. Ezinye iiakhawunti zibonisa ukuba ukuziqhelanisa nokubonwa kwabantu kwizifundo zabantu kwakuxhaphake nangaphandle kweCandelo 731.
Ngaphandle kwezi, amabanjwa aye atofelwa izifo ezifana negcushuwa kunye ne-gonorrhea, ukuze afunde ngeziphumo zezifo ezinganyangekiyo. Amabanjwa amabhinqa nawo ayephantsi kodlwengulo ngoonogada kwaye banyanzelwa ukuba bakhulelwe ukuze basebenzise iimvavanyo. Izinto ezosulelwe sisibetho ezifakwe kwiibhombu zaphoswa kwiithagethi ezahlukeneyo. Zazisetyenziselwa iithagethi zabantu ukuvavanya iziqhushumbisi ezibekwe kwimigama eyahlukeneyo. Abavuthayo bavivinywa kubo kwaye babeboshwe kwizibonda kwaye basebenzise njengeethagethi ukuvavanya iibhombu ezikhupha iintsholongwane, izixhobo zamachiza, kunye neebhombu ezinesiqhushumbisi.
Kwezinye iimvavanyo, amabanjwa avalelwa ukutya namanzi, abekwa kumagumbi anoxinzelelo oluphezulu de kwasweleka; kuvavanywa ukufumanisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweqondo lobushushu, ukutsha, kunye nokuphila komntu; ibekwe kwiicentrifuges kwaye yasonta de kwaba sekufeni; kutofelwe igazi lezilwanyana; kutyhilwa kwiidosi ezibulalayo ze-x-ray; ziphantsi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali ngaphakathi kumagumbi egesi; itofwe ngamanzi olwandle; watshiswa okanye wangcwatywa ephila. Ubuncinane ama-3,000 731 amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana baziswa apho, kwaye akubangakho ngxelo malunga nabasindileyo beCandelo XNUMX.
Iyunithi yafumana inkxaso enobubele kurhulumente waseJapan kwade kwaphela imfazwe ngo-1945. Endaweni yokuzama ulwaphulo-mthetho emfazweni emva kwemfazwe, abaphandi ababandakanyeka kwiCandelo 731 banikwa i-United States ngokuzikhusela ngokufihlakeleyo. aqokelelwe kulingo lomntu.
25 | Tuskegee kunye neGuatemala Iinzame zeSyphilis
Phakathi konyaka we-1932 kunye no-1972, ama-399 angamahlwempu amafama ase-Afrika aseMelika eTuskegee, Alabama, kunye negcushuwa baqeshwa kwinkqubo yasimahla phantsi kweNkonzo yezeMpilo kaRhulumente yaseMelika ukunyanga isifo sabo. Kodwa oosonzululwazi benza iimvavanyo ngasese kwizigulana, besala unyango olusebenzayo (penicillin) nasemva kokuba ikho; ukubona kuphela ukuba esi sifo siza kuqhubeka njani ukuba asinyangwa. Ngo-1973, izifundo zafaka isimangalo kurhulumente wase-US malunga nokuzama kwabo okuthandabuzekayo okukhokelela kutshintsho olukhulu kwimithetho yaseMelika kwimvume enolwazi kulingo lwezonyango.
Ukusuka ngo-1946 ukuya kowe-1948, urhulumente wase-United States, umongameli wase-Guatemala u-Juan José Arévalo, kunye namanye amasebe ezempilo e-Guatemala basebenzisana kulinge lwabantu oluphazamisayo lokungazi ngabemi base-Guatemala. Oogqirha basulela ngabom amajoni, oonongogo, amabanjwa, kunye nezigulana zengqondo ezinegcushuwa kunye nezinye izifo ezidluliselwa ngeentlobano zesini ngelizama ukulandelela inkqubela yazo enganyangekiyo. Sinyangwa kuphela ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, uvavanyo lwakhokelela ekufeni okungama-30 okubhaliweyo. Ngo-2010, i-United States yacela uxolo ngokusesikweni eGuatemala ngokuzibandakanya kwabo kulingo.
Ezi zezinye zezilingo zesayensi eziphazamisayo nezingahambelaniyo nomgaqo ezakha zaqhutywa kwimbali yoluntu esizifumene kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ethembekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi izinto ezothusayo zesayensi ezenzekileyo ngexesha lembubhiso kwimbali yehlabathi kodwa zonke azibhalwanga ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokubanzi sijonga oososayensi boyika, kodwa egameni lenkqubela phambili, ezi nzame zesayensi zingendawo kunye neendlela zazo ezingalunganga zisinyanzela ukuba siqonde ubunyani bobuchwephesha, apho uninzi lwabantu luye lwenziwa idini ngokuchasene nentando yabo. Kwaye eyona nto ibuhlungu kukuba ngandlela ithile isenzeka kwenye indawo. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngenye imini thina bantu siyakukholelwa kwinzululwazi yoluntu ukuba izuze abantu kunye nezilwanyana, ukuze siphile ngokungenanceba.
