Pazasi pepamusoro pegungwa pane chisikwa chinoshamisa chakashamisa masayendisiti uye chakabata fungidziro yevakawanda: octopus. Kazhinji inoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya vanhu vasinganzwisisiki uye vakangwara muhumambo hwemhuka, kugona kwadzo kwakasiyana uye chitarisiko cheimwe nyika zvakatungamira kune dzidziso dzinotemesa pfungwa dzisina mubvunzo nezvekwakabva. Zvingaite here kuti aya enigmatic cephalopods ari chaiwo vatorwa vekare kubva kunze? Uku kutaura kwakasimba kwakatanga kutariswa nguva pfupi yadarika nekuda kwechiverengero chezvinyorwa zvesainzi zvinokurudzira mavambo ekunze kwezvisikwa zvemugungwa izvi zvinonakidza.
Kuputika kweCambrian uye kupindira kune dzimwe nyika
Pfungwa yekuti octopus vari zvisikwa zvepasi inogona kunzwika senge ngano yesainzi, asi boka rinokura rekutsvagisa rakajekesa zvavanoda. Nepo iwo chaiwo evolutionary mabviro emacephalopods achiramba ari musoro wegakava, maitiro avo anoshamisa, anosanganisira akaomarara tsinga, kugona kwepamusoro-kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kugona-kuchinja chimiro, zvakamutsa mibvunzo inonakidza.
Nokudaro, kuti tinzwisise nharo yokuti octopus vatorwa, tinofanira kutanga taongorora Cambrian kuputika. Ichi chiitiko chekushanduka-shanduka, chakaitika makore angangoita 540 miriyoni apfuura, chakaratidza kukurumidza kusiyanisa uye kubuda kwezvimiro zvakaomarara zvehupenyu paPasi. Masayendisiti akawanda akataura kuti izvi kuputika kwehupenyu kunogona kukonzerwa nekupindira kune dzimwe nyika, pane kuita zvepanyika chete. A bepa resainzi inoratidza kuti kungoerekana kuoneka kwemaoctopus uye mamwe cephalopods panguva ino inogona kunge iri chidimbu cheuchapupu hunotsigira izvi. extraterrestrial hypothesis.
Panspermia: Kudyara hupenyu paPasi
Pfungwa yepanspermia inoumba hwaro hwepfungwa yekuti octopus vatorwa. Panspermia inofungidzira izvozvo upenyu paPasi hwakabva kune dzimwe nyika, semakometi kana meteorite anotakura zvivakwa zvehupenyu. Izvi vafambi ve cosmic vangadai vakaunza hupenyu hutsva, kusanganisira mavhairasi nemamicroorganisms, kupasi redu. Bepa rinoratidza kuti maoctopus anogona kunge akasvika paPasi semazai akachengetwa, akaunzwa nechando bolides mazana emamiriyoni emakore apfuura.
Anomalies mumuti wehupenyu
Octopus vane seti yehunhu hunoshamisa hunovaita kuti vaonekere pakati pezvimwe zvisikwa. Maitiro avo etsinga akasimukira, maitiro akaomarara, uye kugona kuvharidzira kwakaoma masayendisiti kwemakore. Maererano nevesainzi, izvi zvakasiyana hunhu zvakaoma kutsanangura chete kuburikidza neyakajairwa evolutionary maitiro. Vanofunga kuti maoctopus anogona kunge akawana hunhu uhu kuburikidza nekukwereta genetic kubva kune ramangwana riri kure kana, zvinoshamisa, kubva. mavambo ekunze kwenyika.
Mubvunzo we genetic complexity
Iyo genetic maitiro ecephalopods senge octopus uye squids akafumura zvakatonyanya kunetsa zvinhu dzidziso yokumwe. Kusiyana nezvisikwa zvakawanda zvePasi, izvo genetic code inoumbwa DNA, cephalopods ine yakasarudzika genetic chimiro inoshandisa RNA editing seyakanyanya kudzora maitiro. Izvi zvinoita kuti masayendisiti atende kuti kuoma kweiyo genetic code inogona kunge yakashanduka yakazvimiririra kana kuti inogona kubatanidzwa kune dzinza rekare rakasiyana kubva kune mamwe marudzi ehupenyu paNyika.
Maonero eanopokana paarien octopus hypothesis
Nepo pfungwa yekuti maoctopus ari vatorwa ichinakidza, hazvingave zvine hungwaru kufunga kuti zvirevo zvinopihwa mumapepa aya esainzi ndezvechokwadi pasina kunyatsozviongorora. Masayendisiti mazhinji anoramba asina chokwadi, achiratidza kusasimba kwakawanda mukufungidzira. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha kushaikwa kwekudzidza kwakadzama mucephalopod biology muzvidzidzo izvi. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvepo kwemaoctopus genomes uye hukama hwavo hwekushanduka-shanduka kune mamwe marudzi zvinopokana nepfungwa ye mavambo ekunze.
Uyezve, octopus genetics inokoka kunhoroondo yavo yekushanduka-shanduka paPasi uye inoramba iyo Alien hypothesis. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti majini e octopus anofambirana nekunzwisisa kwedu kwazvino kwekushanduka kwepasi, zvichiratidza kupatsanurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kumadzitateguru avo esquid makore anosvika mamirioni zana nemakumi matatu apfuura. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti hunhu hwakasiyana hunoonekwa mumaoctopus hunogona kutsanangurwa kuburikidza nemasikirwo maitiro kwete kupindira kune dzimwe nyika.
Kuoma kwakaita mavambo oupenyu
Mubvunzo wemabviro oupenyu ndemumwe wakadzama zvikuru zvakavanzika musainzi. Nepo iyo mutorwa octopus hypothesis inowedzera inokatyamadza twist pakuvapo kwayo, zvakakosha kuti tifunge nezve yakafararira mamiriro. Masayendisiti akakurudzira dzidziso dzakasiyana, dzakadai seabiogenesis uye hydrothermal vent hypotheses, kutsanangura kubuda kwehupenyu paPasi.
Nepo mamwe masayendisiti achikurudzira kuti hunhu hunoshamisa hwe squids uye octopus hunogona kuverengerwa kuchinjika kwavo kunoshamisa kune dzakasiyana siyana dzavanogara. Vamwe vanopokana kuti hunhu hwakasiyana uhwu hwakashanduka kuburikidza nekushanduka-shanduka, umo marudzi asina hukama anokura maitiro akafanana nekuda kwekusarudzika kwakafanana. Kutsvaga mhinduro kuchiri kuenderera, uye imwe octopus hypothesis yakaramba iri chipupuriro chekuoma kwemavambo ehupenyu.
Cephalopod intelligence
Cephalopods, iyo inosanganisira octopus, squids, uye cuttlefish, inozivikanwa nehuchenjeri hwavo hunoshamisa. Ivo vane yakanyanya kukudziridzwa tsinga uye pfungwa huru zvichienderana nekukura kwemuviri wavo. Mamwe emano avo anoshamisa ekuziva anosanganisira:
Unyanzvi hwekugadzirisa matambudziko: Cephalopods yakacherechedzwa kugadzirisa mapuzzle akaomarara uye mazes, vachiratidza kugona kwavo kuronga nekuita mazano ekuwana mibairo.
Kushandiswa kwechishandiso: Maoctopus, kunyanya, akaonekwa achishandisa matombo, makokonati mateko, uye zvimwe zvinhu semidziyo. Vanokwanisa kugadzirisa zvinhu kuti zvienderane nezvavanoda, sekuvhura magaba kuti vawane zvekudya.
Camouflage uye kutevedzera: Cephalopods vane hunyanzvi hwekufukidzira hwakagadziridzwa, huchivabvumira kukurumidza kuchinja ruvara rweganda ravo uye pateni kuti ienderane nekwavanogara. Vanogonawo kutevedzera chitarisiko chedzimwe mhuka kuti vadzinge zvikara kana kukwezva mhuka.
Kudzidza uye ndangariro: Cephalopods vakaratidza zvinokatyamadza kugona kudzidza, nekukurumidza kuchinjika kune mitsva nharaunda uye kurangarira chaiyo nzvimbo nezviitiko. Vanogonawo kudzidza nekucherechedza, kuwana unyanzvi hutsva nekuona dzimwe nhengo dzemarudzi avo.
Kukurukurirana: Cephalopods inotaurirana kuburikidza nezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai sekuchinja kweganda reganda uye pateni, kumira kwemuviri, uye kusunungurwa kwemakemikari zviratidzo. Vanogonawo kuona zviratidzo zvekutyisidzira kana yambiro kune mamwe cephalopods.
Zvinotendwa kuti squids zvishoma zvishoma kungwara kupfuura octopus uye cuttlefish; zvisinei, marudzi akasiyana-siyana esquid anonyanya kushamwaridzana uye anoratidza kukurukurirana kukuru kwevanhu, nezvimwewo, zvichiita kuti vamwe vatsvakurudzi vagume kuti squids vari pamwe chete nembwa maererano neungwaru.
Iko kuomarara uye kuoma kwehungwaru hwecephalopod kuchiri kudzidzwa, uye kumwe kutsvagurudza kunodiwa kuti unzwisise zvizere kukura kwehunyanzvi hwavo hwekuziva.
Octopus semutorwa njere modhi
Zvisinei nekwavakabva, maoctopus anopa mukana wakasarudzika wekudzidza hungwaru hunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya nehwedu. Hungwaru hwavo hwakagoverwa, nemaneuroni akapararira mumawoko avo uye nekuyamwa, zvinonetsa kunzwisisa kwedu kwekuziva. Masayendisiti akaita saDominic Sivitilli paYunivhesiti yeWashington ari kuongorora kuomarara kwehuchenjeri hweoctopus kuti vawane ruzivo rwekuti hungwaru hungaratidze sei kune mamwe mapuraneti. Nekudzidza maoctopus, tinogona kuburitsa hutsva hutsva hwekunzwisisa kuomarara.
Miganhu yesainzi nekufungidzira
Iyo alien octopus hypothesis inofamba mutsetse pakati pekubvunza kwesainzi uye fungidziro. Kunyange zvichimutsa kuda kuziva uye kukoka zvingangoitika zvekufungidzira, zvinoshaya humbowo hwakasimba hunodiwa kuti hugamuchirwe zvakanyanya munharaunda yesainzi. Sezvinoita chero fungidziro inoputsa, kumwe kutsvagisa uye ruzivo rwe data rwakakosha kutsigira kana kuramba zvirevo izvi. Sainzi inobudirira mukupokana, kuyedzwa kwakasimba, uye kuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga ruzivo.
Final pfungwa
Pfungwa yekuti octopus vari vatorwa vanobva kunze ipfungwa inonakidza inosundira miganhu yekunzwisisa kwedu. Kunyange mapepa esainzi achikurudzira iyi fungidziro atora kutarisisa, hatifanire kukanganwa kuti isu tinofanirwa kusvika pairi nepfungwa dzakatsoropodza - sevazhinji. zvakavanzika pamusoro pemavambo nemhindumupindu yecephalopods inoramba isina kugadziriswa.
Humbowo hwakapihwa mumapepa aya hunosangana nekupokana kubva kunyanzvi dzinoratidza kushaikwa kwehumbowo hwakazara. Zvakadaro, hunhu hwemaoctopus hunoramba huchikurudzira kubvunza kwesainzi, huchitipa tarisiro yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu uye kubatana kwadzo, kana zviripo, pakadzika kwechadenga.
Sezvatinofumura zvakavanzika zvechadenga uye ongorora zvakadzika makungwa edu, mukana wekusangana nenjere dzechienzi unoramba uchinakidza. Kuti kana kwete octopus vari zvinhu zviri kunze kwenyika, zvinoramba zvichikwezva fungidziro dzedu uye zvinotiyeuchidza nezvekuoma kunzwisisa kukuru uye kushamisa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvatinogara.
Mushure mekuverenga nezve kusinganzwisisike kwakabva octopus, verenga nezve Immortal Jellyfish inogona kudzokera kuhudiki hwayo nekusingaperi, wobva waverenga nezve 44 zvisikwa zvisinganzwisisike paPasi zvine hunhu hwekunze.
