Yakabatana pamwe nekurima, nyeredzi yakatora nhanho dzayo dzekutanga pakati penzizi dzeTigirisi neYufratesi, makore anopfuura zviuru gumi apfuura. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvesainzi ndezvevaSumer, avo vasati vanyangarika vakapfuudza kuvanhu venharaunda iyi nhaka yengano neruzivo. Iyo nhaka yakatsigira kusimudzira kweyemuchadenga tsika yega muBhabhironi, iyo, sekureva kweAstro-archaeologist Mathieu Ossendrijver, yaive yakaoma kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare. Muchinyorwa chazvino kwazvo chejenali reScience, muongorori anobva kuYunivhesiti yeHumboldt, Germany, ongororo yakajeka yemahwendefa evhu eBhabhironi anoratidza mashandisiro akaitwa nevazivi venyeredzi vebudiriro yeMesopotamiya ruzivo rwakatendwa kuti rwakabuda makore 10,000 1,400 chete gare gare, muEurope.
Kwemakore gumi nemana apfuura, nyanzvi yakaisa parutivi vhiki pagore kuita rwendo rwekuenda kuBritish Museum, uko kunochengeterwa mahwendefa akakura eBhabhironi kubva muna 14 BC na350 BC. Vakazadzwa nezvinyorwa zvecuneiform kubva kuvanhu vaNebhukadhinezari, vakapa chirahwe: tsananguro yekuverenga nyeredzi iyo yaivewo nemirairo yekuvaka iyo trapezoidal chimiro. Izvo zvainakidza, sezvo tekinoroji sezviri pachena yakashanda ipapo yaifungidzirwa kunge yaisazivikanwa kune vekare vazivi venyeredzi.
Zvisinei, Ossendrijver akawana, mirairo yacho yaienderana nekuverenga kwejometri kwakatsanangura kufamba kweJupiter, nyika yaimiririra Marduk, mwari anotsigira wevaBhabhironi. Iye akabva aona kuti iyo trapezoidal kuverenga kwakanyorwa mumatombo chaive chishandiso chemakomputa epasi guru kufambisa zuva nezuva padivi peecliptic (iyo Zuva rinooneka trajectory sekuonekwa kubva Pasi) kwemazuva makumi matanhatu. Zvichida, vafundisi venyeredzi vaishandiswa mutembere dzeguta vaive vanyori vehuwandu uye zvinyorwa zveastral.
“Isu tanga tisingazive mashandisiro anoita maBabironi mageometry, mifananidzo uye manhamba mune nyeredzi. Taiziva kuti vaizviita nemasvomhu. Izvo zvaizivikanwa zvakare kuti ivo vaishandisa masvomhu nejometri kutenderedza 1,800 BC, chete kwete zveyeredzi. Nhau ndeyekuti isu tinoziva kuti vakashandisa geometry kuenzanisa nzvimbo yemapuraneti " anodaro munyori wekuwanikwa.
Physics purofesa uye director weBrasília Astronomy Club, Ricardo Melo anowedzera kuti, kusvika panguva iyoyo, zvaitendwa kuti hunyanzvi hwaishandiswa nevaBhabhironi hwakanga hwabuda muzana ramakore rechi14, muEurope, nekuunzwa kweMertonian Average Velocity Theorem. Chirevo chacho chinotaura kuti, kana muviri ukaiswa pasi pekumhanyisa kamwe chete kusiri zero kuita munzira imwechete yekufamba, kumhanyisa kwayo kunosiyana zvakafanana, zvine mutsetse, nekufamba kwenguva. Isu tinoidaidza kuti Uniformly Varied Movement. Kubviswa kwacho kunogona kuverengerwa kuburikidza nesvomhu inoreva mamodule ekumhanyisa panguva yekutanga uye yekupedzisira yezviyero, yakawedzeredzwa nenguva yenguva iyo chiitiko chakagara; inotsanangura zvepanyama.
"Ndipo panotariswa zvikuru kudzidza" anoenderera mberi Ricardo Melo. VaBabironi vakaziva kuti nzvimbo yeiyo trapeze yaive yakanangana nekutama kweJupita. "Chiratidziro chechokwadi chekuti mwero wekubvisa kufunga kwemasvomhu panguva iyoyo, mubudiriro irori, waive kure kupfuura zvataifunga," Inodaro nyanzvi. Anonongedzera kuti, kugonesa kuona kweaya mahedheni, chirongwa chekubatanidza matemo (ndege yeCartesian) chinoshandiswa, icho chakangotsanangurwa naRené Descartes naPierre de Fermat muzana ramakore rechi17.
Saka, anodaro Melo, kunyangwe vasina kushandisa chimbo chemasvomhu, vaBhabhironi vakakwanisa kuratidza kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemasvomhu. "Mukupfupisa: kuverenga kweiyo trapezium senzira yekuziva kutamiswa kweJupiter kwakapfuura kupfuura maGeometri echiGreek, ayo ainetseka nezvemaumbirwo ejometri, sezvo ichigadzira nzvimbo yemasvomhu isinganzwisisike senzira yekutsanangura nyika yatinogara . ” Kunyangwe purofesa asingatendi kuti izvo zvakawanikwa zvinogona kukanganisa zvakananga ruzivo rwezvino rwemasvomhu, zvinoratidza kuti ruzivo rwakarasika sei munguva kusvikira rwazvimiririra rwakavakwazve pakati pemazana gumi nemana nemanomwe emakore gare gare.
Mathieu Ossendrijver anogovera iwo iwo iwo maratidziro akafanana: “Tsika dzechiBhabhironi dzakanyangarika muna AD 100, uye zvinyorwa zvecuneiform zvakanganwika. Mutauro wakafa uye chinamato chavo chakadzimwa. Mune mamwe mazwi: tsika yese yakavapo kwemakore zviuru zvitatu yapera, pamwe neruzivo rwunowanikwa. Chishoma chete ndicho chakawanikwazve nevaGiriki ” anodaro munyori. Kuna Ricardo Melo, chokwadi ichi chinomutsa mibvunzo. Hedu budiriro ingave yakaita sei nhasi dai zivo yesainzi yechinyakare yakachengetedzwa ikaendeswa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera? Nyika yedu yaizove yakawedzera tekinoroji here? Hedu budiriro ingadai yakapona kumberi kwakadaro? Kune kuwanda kwemibvunzo yatinogona kubvunza mudzidzisi zvikonzero.
Mhando iyi yejometri inowanikwa mumarekodhi emakore ekumaEngland neFrance akada kusvika munenge muna 1350 AD Mumwe wavo akawanikwa muOxford, England. “Vanhu vanga vachidzidzira kuverenga chinhambwe chakavharwa nemutumbi unomhanyisa kana kudzikira. Vakagadzira kutaura uye vakaratidza kuti iwe unofanirwa kuyera kumhanya. Izvi zvakazowedzerwa nenguva kuti uwane chinhambwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, kumwe kunhu muParis, Nicole Oresme akawana chinhu chimwe chete uye akatogadzira mifananidzo. Ndokunge, akagadzira spidhi yacho " anotsanangura Mathieu Ossendrijver.
“Kare, takanga tisingazive mashandisiro aiitwa nevaBhabhironi mageometri, magirafu, uye manhamba ekuongorora nyeredzi. Taiziva kuti vakaita izvozvo nemathematics. (…) Ruzivo nderwekuti isu tinoziva kuti vakashandisa geometry kuenzanisa nzvimbo dzemapuraneti ” akataura Mathieu Ossendrijver, Astro-archaeologist.
