Ma Picts anali gulu lakale lomwe lidakula ku Iron Age Scotland kuyambira 79 mpaka 843 CE. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi moyo waufupi, iwo anasiya chizindikiro chosatha pa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Scotland. Cholowa chawo chimawoneka m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga miyala ya Pictish, nkhokwe zasiliva, ndi zomangamanga.
Chiyambi cha Zithunzi
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za Picts ndi chiyambi chawo, chomwe chimakhalabe nkhani yotsutsana pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi ofukula zinthu zakale. Ambiri amavomereza kuti iwo anali chitaganya cha mafuko ndipo anali ndi maufumu asanu ndi awiri. Komabe, magwero enieni a Picts akadali zophimbidwa ndi chinsinsi. Mawu akuti "Pict" akukhulupirira kuti adachokera ku Latin "Picti", kutanthauza "anthu opaka utoto", kapena ku dzina lachibadwidwe "Pecht" kutanthauza "makolo", kuwonetsa miyambo yawo yapadera.
Mphamvu zankhondo: Analetsa Aroma amphamvu
A Pict ankadziwika chifukwa cha luso lawo lankhondo komanso kuchita nawo nkhondo. Mwinamwake mdani wawo wotchuka kwambiri anali Ufumu wa Roma. Ngakhale kuti anagawanika kukhala mafuko osiyana, pamene Aroma anaukira, mafuko a Pictish ankasonkhana pamodzi pansi pa mtsogoleri mmodzi kuti awatsutse, mofanana ndi Aselote pa nthawi imene Kaisara anagonjetsa Gau. Aroma anayesera katatu kugonjetsa Caledonia (tsopano Scotland), koma kuyesayesa kulikonse kunali kwanthaŵi yochepa. Pambuyo pake anamanga Khoma la Hadrian kuti asonyeze malire awo akumpoto.
Aroma analanda dziko la Scotland kwa nthaŵi yochepa mpaka ku Perth ndipo anamanga khoma lina, Khoma la Antonine, asanabwerere ku Khoma la Hadrian. Mu 208 CE, Mfumu Septimius Severus anatsogolera ndawala yothetsa mavuto a Picts, koma anagwiritsa ntchito zigawenga zomwe zinalepheretsa Aroma kupambana. Severus anamwalira panthawi ya ndawala, ndipo ana ake anabwerera ku Roma. Popeza Aroma sanapambane mosalekeza kugonjetsa a Pict, potsirizira pake anachoka m’dera lonselo.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, pamene Picts anali ankhondo ankhanza, anali amtendere pakati pawo. Nkhondo zawo ndi mafuko ena nthawi zambiri zinali pa nkhani zazing’ono monga kuba ziweto. Anapanga chitaganya chocholoŵana chokhala ndi chitaganya chocholoŵana ndi dongosolo la ndale lolinganizika. Uliwonse wa maufumu asanu ndi awiriwo unali ndi olamulira akeake ndi malamulo, kusonyeza chitaganya chadongosolo kwambiri chomwe chimasunga mtendere mkati mwa malire ake.
Kukhalapo kwawo kunasintha tsogolo la Scotland
Patapita nthawi, a Pict anagwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zina zoyandikana nazo, monga a Dál Riata ndi Anglian. Kutengera izi kudapangitsa kuti kudziwika kwawo kwa Pictish kufooke ndikutuluka kwa Kingdom of Scots. Chikoka cha a Picts pa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Scotland sichingasinthidwe, chifukwa kutengera kwawo kunasintha tsogolo la Scotland.
Kodi Ma Pict amawoneka bwanji?
Mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, kufotokoza kwa Picts ngati ankhondo amaliseche, omwe ali ndi zizindikiro sizolondola kwenikweni. Anavala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala komanso kudzikongoletsa ndi zodzikongoletsera. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nsalu, palibe umboni wochuluka wa zovala zawo zomwe zapulumuka. Komabe, zimene akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza, monga zotchingira ndi zikhomo, zikusonyeza kuti ankanyadira kwambiri maonekedwe awo.
Miyala ya Pictish
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi zomwe zasiyidwa ndi Picts ndi miyala ya Pictish. Miyala yoyimirirayi imagawidwa m'magulu atatu ndipo imakongoletsedwa ndi zizindikiro zovuta. Zizindikirozi amakhulupirira kuti ndi mbali ya chinenero cholembedwa, ngakhale kuti tanthauzo lake lenileni silinadziwikebe. Miyala ya Pictish imapereka chidziwitso chodziwika bwino pazaluso ndi chikhalidwe cha Picts.
Zithunzi za Pictish Silver
Kupezeka kwina kodabwitsa kokhudzana ndi ma Picts ndi nkhokwe zasiliva za Pictish. Zosungirazi zidakwiriridwa ndi olemekezeka a Pictish ndipo adafukulidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Scotland. Zosungirazo zili ndi zinthu zasiliva zochulukira zomwe zimawonetsa luso lapadera la Picts. Zochititsa chidwi n'zakuti zina mwa zinthu zasiliva zimenezi zinasinthidwanso ndi kukonzedwanso kuchokera ku zinthu zakale zachiroma, kusonyeza luso la a Picts kusintha ndi kuphatikizira zisonkhezero zakunja ku chikhalidwe chawo.
Malo awiri otchuka a Pictish ndi Norrie's Law Hoard ndi St. Ninian's Isle Hoard. Law Hoard ya Norrie inali ndi zinthu zasiliva zambiri, kuphatikizapo ma brooches, zibangili, ndi zikopa. Mofananamo, Chisumbu cha St. Magulu awa amagawana malingaliro ofunikira osati luso la Pictish kokha komanso pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe chawo.
Malingaliro omaliza pa Zithunzi
Pomaliza, magwero a ma Picts aphimbidwa ndi kusatsimikizika, ndi ziphunzitso zotsutsana ndi mbiri yochepa chabe. Ena amakhulupirira kuti anachokera kwa anthu oyambirira okhala ku Scotland, pamene ena amati anali mafuko achi Celt ochokera ku Ulaya komwe anasamukira kuderali. Mkanganowo ukupitirira, kusiya mzera wawo weniweni ndi cholowa chawo kukhala chovuta kumvetsa.
Chodziwika, komabe, n'chakuti a Picts anali amisiri ndi amisiri aluso kwambiri, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi miyala yawo yosemedwa mwaluso. Zipilala zamiyalazi, zomwe zimapezeka ku Scotland konse, zili ndi mapangidwe odabwitsa komanso zizindikiro zosamvetsetseka zomwe sizinafotokozedwe bwino. Zina zimawonetsa zochitika zankhondo ndi kusaka, pomwe zina zimawonetsa zolengedwa zongopeka komanso mfundo zovuta. Cholinga chawo ndi tanthauzo lake akadali nkhani yongopeka kwambiri, zomwe zikuyambitsa kukopa kwa chitukuko chakale cha a Pict.
Ukatswiri wa a Picts pa ntchito yosula zitsulo umaonekeranso mu nkhokwe zasiliva zopezeka ku Scotland. Zinthu zamtengo wapatali zimenezi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakwiriridwa kuti zisungidwe kapena kuti zizichitika mwamwambo, zimavumbula luso lawo popanga zodzikongoletsera zokongola ndi zinthu zokongoletsera. Kukongola ndi kucholoŵana kwa zinthu zakalezi kumasonyeza chikhalidwe chaluso chopita patsogolo, ndikukulitsa chinsinsi chozungulira ma Picts.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti a Picts sanali amisiri aluso komanso ankhondo owopsa. Nkhani za olemba mbiri achiroma zimawafotokoza kuti anali adani ankhanza, kumenyana ndi adani a Roma ndipo ngakhale kuthamangitsa zigawenga za Viking. Luso lankhondo la a Picts, limodzi ndi zizindikiro zawo zachinsinsi komanso kusamvana kwawo, zimawonjezera kukopa kwa gulu lawo lodabwitsa.
Zaka mazana ambiri zidadutsa, ma Picts adatengera pang'onopang'ono ndi ma Scots olankhula Chigaelic, chikhalidwe chawo chosiyana pamapeto pake chinazimiririka. Masiku ano, cholowa chawo chikukhalabe m'zotsalira za zomangamanga zakale, zojambula zawo zokopa, ndi mafunso omwe akukakamira omwe azungulira dziko lawo.
Pambuyo powerenga za dziko lachinsinsi la Picts akale, werengani mzinda wakale wa Ipiutak unamangidwa ndi mtundu watsitsi labwino wokhala ndi maso abuluu, kenako werengani za Soknopaiou Nesos: Mzinda wakale wakale wodabwitsa m'chipululu cha Fayum.
