Mzinda wakale wa Ipiutak uli ku Point Hope, Alaska, uli ndi malo ofunikira m'mbiri yakale. Poyamba mzinda wa Ipiutak unali wotukuka kumene anthu ankakhala, kuchita malonda, ndi kuchita miyambo yapadera, Ipiutak tsopano yakhala mabwinja, ikungotsala zotsalira za ulemerero wake wakale. Komabe, kufunika kofukula zakale ndi mbiri yakale kwa malowa sikungatheke. Kuwulula chinsinsi cha Ipiutak kuli ndi chinsinsi chotsegula chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza chikhalidwe chomwe chinasoweka komanso anthu oyambirira okhala ku North America.
Omanga odabwitsa a Ipiutak
Mbiri ya Ipiutak imakhala yosadziwika bwino, ndi chidziwitso chotsutsana chokhudzana ndi chiyambi chake komanso omanga ake. Kuyambira zaka 2,000 zapitazo, anthu a m'derali analowa m'mbuyo cha m'ma 800 CE, zomwe zinachititsa kuti akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amvetsetse mmene linalengedwera ndi kuwonongedwa kwake.
Omanga mzinda wa Ipiutak anali anthu otsogola, opambana a Inuit ponena za kupita patsogolo. Iwo anamanga mzinda wakalewu panjira yofanana ndi mizinda yakale yachigwa cha Indus. Pokhala ndi nyumba pafupifupi 600 zosiyidwa, zinthu zakale zachilendo chikwi chimodzi, ndi manda aakulu, Ipiutak ndi malo aakulu kwambiri amtundu umenewu m’chigawo cha Arctic Inuit.
Mpikisano watsitsi labwino komanso wamaso abuluu?
Nthano za anthu a mtundu wa Inuit zimafotokoza nkhani yochititsa chidwi ya anthu amene anamanga mzinda wa Ipiutak. Malingana ndi mwambo wawo wapakamwa, mzinda wakale sunamangidwe ndi Inuit okha koma ndi tsitsi labwino ndi mpikisano wamaso a buluu. Nthanozi zimalankhulanso za zoyera zimphona amene nthawi ina ankakhala ku Ipiutak mpaka Nkhondo ya Milungu. Vutoli likukulirakulira pamene tikulingalira za magwero otheka a omanga odabwitsawa. Kodi Ipiutak ingakhale malo okhala ma Viking kapena olumikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Dorset? Choonadi sichikupezekabe.
Theory of Asian Origins
Akatswiri ena ofukula zinthu zakale, monga Rainey Froelich, amakhulupirira kuti anthu amene anamanga mzinda wa Ipiutak anachokera ku Asia. Froelich akuwonetsa kuti chikhalidwe cha Ipiutak chidayamba kale zikhalidwe za Inuit pagombe la Arctic ndipo mwina zidachokera kum'mawa kwa Asia. Zinthu zakale zomwe zidapezeka ku Ipiutak, kuphatikiza zojambula za minyanga ya njovu ndi zida zozokota, zimawonetsa zojambulajambula zosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zina. Katswiri wodabwitsa komanso luso lapadera la zinthuzi zimadzutsa mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha Ipiutak.
Miyambo yachilendo ya Ipiutak
Mzinda wakale wa Ipiutak unali wodzitamandira ndi zomangamanga zapamwamba komanso luso laluso komanso unkachita miyambo ndi miyambo yochititsa chidwi. Zofukulidwa zakale za manda oposa 5,000 pafupi ndi Ipiutak zimawunikira miyambo ya anthu okhalamo.
Manda amene ali ku Ipiutak akupereka chithunzithunzi cha miyambo ya maliro ya anthu ake. Manda ena ali ndi zigaza zakale zokhala ndi diso lochita kupanga lopangidwa ndi minyanga ya njovu ndi jeti. Zina zimakhala ndi mapulagi a mphuno ya minyanga ya njovu zooneka ngati mitu ya mbalame, zophimba ku imfa za minyanga ya njovu, ngakhalenso nyama zing’onozing’ono zong’ambika zokhala ndi maso okongoletsedwa ndi obsidian. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa shamanism ndikuyerekeza ndi zikhalidwe za Scytho-Siberian ku Ukraine.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Ipiutak
Froelich Rainey, yemwe adafukula malowa, akuti Ipiutak nthawi ina inali malo okhala ndi anthu masauzande angapo pachimake. Chiwerengero cha anthuwa chikadaposa cha mzinda wamakono wa Fairbanks, Alaska. Kuchuluka kwa Ipiutak kukuwonetsa gulu lotukuka lomwe lidachita gawo lalikulu m'derali.
Zojambula zakale za Ipiutak
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Ipiutak ndi cholowa chake chaluso. Anthu a mumzindawu anali aluso pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaluso, kuyambira pa zithunzi zogoba za minyanga ya njovu mpaka pa zipangizo zogoba. Zojambulajambulazi zimawunikira zikhulupiriro za chikhalidwe ndi zauzimu za anthu omwe poyamba ankatcha Ipiutak kwawo.
Anthu a mtundu wa Ipiutak anasonyeza luso lawo pojambula zinthu zokongoletsera, makamaka za minyanga ya njovu, matabwa, fupa, ndi miyala. Zopangidwa ndi minyanga ya njovu zosemedwa zomwe zimapezeka ku Ipiutak zimawonetsa zojambulajambula zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi ntchito za zikhalidwe zina. Tanthauzo ndi zizindikiro za zojambula zogometsa zimenezi zikupitirizabe kuchititsa chidwi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale komanso okonda zojambulajambula.
Symbolism ndi shamanism
Zambiri mwazojambula zomwe zapezedwa ku Ipiutak akukhulupirira kuti zinali ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsa ndipo mwina zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi shamanism. Shamanism inali chizolowezi chofala pakati pa anthu okhalamo, ndipo zinthu zopezeka m'manda a asing'anga zimasonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu kwauzimu. Kukhalapo kwa zigaza za loon zokhala ndi mapulagi a diso la minyanga ya njovu komanso mawonekedwe a zimbalangondo za polar muzozokota zikuwonetsa kulumikizana ndi miyambo yakale ndi miyambo.
Ipiutak: Zenera la chikhalidwe chakale cha Arctic
Ipiutak imagwira ntchito ngati khomo lomvetsetsa zikhalidwe zakale za ku Arctic zomwe zidalipo zaka masauzande zapitazo. Kupyolera mu zofukula zofukulidwa zakale ndi kusanthula, ofufuza pang'onopang'ono aphatikiza chithunzithunzi cha mbiri ya Ipiutak ndi kufunikira kwake pakukula kwa zitukuko zaku North America.
Kulumikizana kwa circumpolar Stone Age
Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mafuko osiyanasiyana okhala ku Arctic, monga Lapps, Samoyed, Yukaghir, ndi Inuit, ali ndi chikhalidwe chochokera ku nthawi yakale ya Stone Age. Mwambo umenewu uyenera kuti unachokera kwa anthu osaka nyama za m’nthawi ya Magdalenian kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Ngakhale pali mkangano wopitilirabe wokhudzana ndi komwe anthu a Inuit adachokera, zikuwonekeratu kuti apanga chikhalidwe chapadera cha Arctic chogwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe chawo komanso momwe amakhalira.
Kuphatikiza apo, Arctic sinakhale pothawirapo pothawirako madera akale a Stone Age. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko chakhala chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya derali, mofanana ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi. Kufukula zinthu zakale ku Siberia, Alaska, Canada, ndi Greenland kwavumbula mbiri yakale ya kukhazikika kwa Arctic, komwe kumadziwika ndi magawo osiyanasiyana komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.
Nthawi yocheperako katatu
Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza nthawi zitatu zosiyana m'mbiri ya Arctic: Stone Age, paleo-Inuit stage, ndi neo-Inuit stage. Chikhalidwe chakale cha Stone Age, chokhala ndi zida zake zonyezimira, zidalipo 2000 BC. Gawo la paleo-Inuit, lodziwika ndi zida zopukutidwa ndi slate, kuyambira 700 BC mpaka AD 300. Pomaliza, gawo la neo-Inuit linawonekera cha m'ma AD 300 ndipo likupitirirabe mpaka pano. Gawo lirilonse likuwonetsa zikhalidwe zapadera, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, komanso mawonekedwe aluso.
Pomaliza
Ngakhale kuti zaka zambiri zafukufuku ndi kukumba, zovuta za Ipiutak sizinathetsedwe. Omanga oyambirira a mzinda wakale umenewu, magwero awo, ndi tsogolo lawo lomalizira sizikutibisabe. Nthano za anthu a Inuit, umboni wofukulidwa m’mabwinja, ndi kukhalapo kwa zithunzi zaluso zapadera zonse zimatisangalatsa amawona chikhalidwe chakusokonekera. Kuvumbulutsa chinsinsi cha Ipiutak kukupitirizabe kufunafuna kochititsa chidwi, kumapereka chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali kwa anthu oyambirira a ku North America ndi zomwe adachita modabwitsa.
Pamene tikufufuza mozama mu kafukufuku wa Ipiutak, kumvetsetsa kwathu zikhalidwe zakale za ku Arctic kumakula, ndikukulitsa luso lathu. kudziwa mbiri ya anthu ndi zitukuko zosiyanasiyana zomwe kale zinali kumadera akutali a dziko.
Pambuyo powerenga za mzinda wakale wa Ipiutak, werengani za Magalasi a chipale chofewa a Inuit ojambulidwa kuchokera ku fupa, minyanga ya njovu, matabwa kapena nyanga; ndiye werengani za Mizinda yakale 16 ndi midzi yomwe idasiyidwa modabwitsa.
