Mapiramidi Aakulu a ku Giza ndi umboni wa nzeru za Aigupto akale. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri a maphunziro ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale akhala akudabwa kuti anthu amene alibe luso lazopangapanga komanso chuma chochepa anakwanitsa bwanji kumanga nyumba yochititsa chidwi imeneyi. Pakutulukira zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza Diary of Merer, akuunikiranso njira zomangira zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nthawi ya Mzera Wachinayi wa Iguputo. Gumbwa la zaka 4,500, lomwe ndi yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, limapereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane pamayendedwe amiyala yayikulu yamiyala ndi miyala ya granite, ndikuwulula luso laukadaulo lomwe likuchita kumbuyo kwa Mapiramidi Aakulu a Giza.
Chidziwitso cha Merer's Diary
Merer, mkulu wina waudindo wapakati wotchedwa inspector (sHD), analemba mndandanda wa mabuku a gumbwa amene tsopano akutchedwa “The Diary of Merer” kapena “Papyrus Jarf.” Kuyambira m'chaka cha 27 chaulamuliro wa Farao Khufu, mabuku olemberawa adalembedwa m'mabuku olembedwa bwino kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi mndandanda wa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za Merer ndi gulu lake. Magawo osungidwa bwino, olembedwa Papyrus Jarf A ndi B, amapereka zolembedwa zamayendedwe amiyala yoyera kuchokera ku miyala ya Tura kupita ku Giza kudzera pa boti.
Kupezekanso kwa malembawo
Mu 2013, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale a ku France, Pierre Tallet ndi Gregory Marouard, omwe ankatsogolera ntchito ku Wadi al-Jarf pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Red Sea, anapeza mipukutu yomwe inakwiriridwa kutsogolo kwa mapanga opangidwa ndi anthu omwe amasungiramo maboti. Kupeza kumeneku kwayamikiridwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zapezedwa ku Egypt m'zaka za zana la 21. Tallet ndi Mark Lehner anautchanso kuti “mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yofiira,” akuiyerekezera ndi “Mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa,” pofuna kutsindika kufunika kwake. Mbali zina za mipukutuyi zikuwonetsedwa ku Egypt Museum ku Cairo.
Njira zomangira zowululidwa
The Merer's Diary, pamodzi ndi zofukulidwa zina zakale, zapereka chidziwitso chatsopano cha njira zomangira zomwe Aigupto akale ankagwiritsa ntchito:
- Madoko Opanga: Kumanga madoko inali nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Aigupto, kutsegula mwayi wamalonda wopindulitsa komanso kukhazikitsa maubwenzi ndi mayiko akutali.
- Mayendedwe a Mtsinje: Diary ya Merer imawulula kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mabwato amatabwa, opangidwa mwapadera okhala ndi matabwa ndi zingwe, otha kunyamula miyala yolemera matani 15. Maboti amenewa ankapalasa kunsi kwa mtsinje wa Nailo, ndipo kenako ananyamula miyala kuchokera ku Tura kupita ku Giza. Pafupifupi masiku khumi aliwonse, maulendo aŵiri kapena atatu obwerera ankachitika, kutumiza mwina midadada 30 ya matani 2–3 iliyonse, yokwana midadada 200 pamwezi.
- Madzi Anzeru: Chilimwe chili chonse, kusefukira kwa Nile kunalola Aigupto kupatutsa madzi kudzera mu ngalande zopangidwa ndi anthu, kupanga doko lakumtunda pafupi kwambiri ndi malo omanga piramidi. Dongosololi linathandiza kuti mabwatowo aziima mosavuta, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino.
- Intricate Boat Assembly: Pogwiritsa ntchito masikeni a 3D a matabwa a zombo zapamadzi komanso kuphunzira zosema kumanda ndi zombo zakale zothyoledwa, wofukula zam'mabwinja a Mohamed Abd El-Maguid adamanganso mwaluso bwato la Aigupto. Atasokedwa pamodzi ndi zingwe m’malo mwa misomali kapena zikhomo, bwato lakale limeneli limatumikira monga umboni wa luso lodabwitsa la nthaŵiyo.
- Dzina lenileni la Pyramid: Bukuli limatchulanso dzina loyambirira la Piramidi Yaikulu: Akhet-Khufu, kutanthauza "Horizon of Khufu".
- Kuwonjezera pa Merer, anthu ena ochepa akutchulidwa m'zidutswa. Wofunika kwambiri ndi Ankhhaf (mchimwene wake wa theka la Farao Khufu), wodziwika kuchokera kuzinthu zina, yemwe amakhulupirira kuti anali kalonga ndi vizier pansi pa Khufu ndi / kapena Khafre. M’mipukutu ya gumbwa amatchedwa munthu wolemekezeka (Iry-pat) ndi woyang’anira Ra-shi-Khufu, (mwina) doko la ku Giza.
Zotsatira zake ndi cholowa
Kupezeka kwa Merer's Diary ndi zinthu zina zakale kwawonetsanso umboni wa kukhazikika kwakukulu komwe kumathandizira antchito pafupifupi 20,000 omwe adagwira nawo ntchitoyi. Umboni wofukulidwa m’mabwinja umasonya ku gulu limene linkakonda ndi kusamalira antchito ake, kupereka chakudya, pogona, ndi kutchuka kwa awo omanga mapiramidi. Komanso, luso la uinjiniyali lidawonetsa kuthekera kwa Aigupto kukhazikitsa machitidwe ovuta omwe adapitilira piramidiyo. Machitidwewa adzaumba chitukuko kwa zaka zikwi zikubwerazi.
malingaliro Final
Merer's Diary imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamayendedwe amiyala yomanga mapiramidi a Giza kudzera mu ngalande zamadzi ndi mabwato. Komabe, si aliyense amene ali wotsimikiza ndi zomwe zapezedwa muzolemba za Merer. Malinga ndi ofufuza ena odziimira okha, zikusiya mafunso osayankhidwa ngati mabwatowa anali okhoza kuyendetsa miyala ikuluikulu yomwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimayika chikayikiro pa ntchito yawo. Kuphatikiza apo, bukuli likulephera kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira yolondola yomwe antchito akale adagwiritsa ntchito kuti asonkhanitse miyala ikuluikuluyi pamodzi, ndikusiya makina omwe adapanga zida zazikuluzikuluzi zobisika kwambiri.
Kodi n'zotheka kuti Merer, mkulu wa ku Igupto wakale wotchulidwa m'mabuku ndi zolemba za logbook, anabisa kapena kusokoneza zambiri zokhudza ntchito yomanga mapiramidi a Giza? M’mbiri yonse, zolembedwa ndi zolembedwa zakale kaŵirikaŵiri zasinthidwa, kukokomeza, kapena kunyozedwa ndi olemba mosonkhezeredwa ndi maulamuliro ndi maulamuliro. Kumbali ina, anthu otukuka ambiri anayesa kubisa njira zawo zomangira ndi kamangidwe kake ku maufumu opikisana. Chifukwa chake, sizingakhale zodabwitsa ngati Merer kapena ena omwe adagwira nawo ntchito yomanga chipilalacho apotoza chowonadi kapena kubisa dala mbali zina kuti akhalebe ndi mwayi wampikisano.
Pakati pa kukhalapo ndi kusakhalapo kwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri kapena zimphona zakale, kupezeka kwa Merer's Diary kumakhalabe kodabwitsa pakuvumbulutsa zinsinsi za Egypt wakale ndi malingaliro odabwitsa a anthu okhalamo.
