Ma Encyclopedias okhala ndi mitu yosangalatsa “Zinsinsi za Mitundu Yakale”, “Miyambi ya Nkhani”, mapulogalamu ambiri apawailesi yakanema akufotokoza zakupeza kwapadera kwa akatswiri ofukula zamabwinja - umu ndi momwe anthu amakono adadziwira zinsinsi za anthu omwe adakhala zaka zikwi zapitazo.
Komabe, zinsinsi zambiri za zikhalidwe zapadera zitha kuiwalika, chifukwa palibe chilichonse chomwe chatsalira m'midzi yakale. Ochita kafukufuku samayima pang'onopang'ono kuti atolere zithunzi za moyo wa zitukuko zomwe zasowa, koma nthawi ilibe chifundo, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kupeza mayankho a mafunso ochititsa chidwi.
Maya (2000 BC - 900 AD)
Anthu omwe kale anali amphamvu omwe adamanga mizinda ikuluikulu adabisa zobisika zawo zambiri kuseri kwachitetezo cha nthawi. Amaya amadziwika kuti adalemba kalembedwe kawo, adapanga kalendala yovuta, ndipo anali ndi njira zawo zowerengera masamu. Amakhalanso ndi zida zawo zaumisiri, zomwe amamanga akachisi akulu a piramidi ndikupanga njira zothirira minda yawo yaulimi.
Mpaka pano, asayansi akusokoneza ubongo wawo pazomwe zikadatha kutha kwachitukukochi. Kupatula apo, Amaya adayamba kutaya mphamvu zawo asadapite ku Europe koyamba kumayiko omwe masiku ano ndi Central America. Malinga ndi zomwe ofufuzawo amaganiza, kusintha kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo zapakatikati, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mizinda yakale isakhale yopanda anthu.
Chitukuko cha India (Harrap) (3300 BC - pafupifupi 1300 BC)
Pakati pa chitukuko ichi, pafupifupi 10% ya anthu onse padziko lapansi ankakhala ku Indus Valley nthawi imeneyo - anthu 5 miliyoni. Chitukuko cha Amwenye chimadziwikanso kuti chitukuko cha Harappan (pambuyo pa dzina la likulu lake - mzinda wa Harappa). Anthu amphamvuwa anali ndi mafakitale opangira zitsulo. Iwo anali ndi kalata yawo, yomwe, mwatsoka, imakhalabe chimodzi mwa zinsinsi za chitukuko ichi.
Koma pafupifupi zaka zikwi zitatu ndi theka zapitazo, ambiri a Harappan adaganiza zosamukira kumwera chakum'mawa, ndikusiya mizinda yawo. Malingana ndi asayansi, chifukwa chachikulu cha chisankho ichi chinali kuwonongeka kwa nyengo. M'zaka zochepa chabe, olowawo anaiwala za zomwe makolo awo akale adachita. Chomaliza chomaliza chachitukuko cha Harappan chidachitidwa ndi Aryan, omwe adawononga oimira omaliza a anthu omwe kale anali amphamvu.
Chitukuko cha Rapanui pachilumba cha Easter (cha m'ma 1200 AD - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17)
Malo awa omwe adatayika munyanja adazungulira ndi zinsinsi zambiri komanso nthano zambiri. Mpaka pano, m'magulu a akatswiri, zokambirana zikupitilirabe kuti ndani adayamba kukhala pachilumbachi. Malinga ndi mtundu umodzi, anthu oyamba ku Rapa Nui (monga nzika zake amatcha chilumba cha Easter) anali ochokera ku Eastern Polynesia, omwe adayenda pano cha m'ma 300 AD. pa ngalawa zazikulu komanso zolimba.
Pafupifupi chilichonse chodziwika pa moyo wa chitukuko chakale cha Rapanui. Chikumbutso chokha champhamvu zam'mbuyomu za anthu awa ndi ziboliboli zazikulu zamiyala ya moai, zomwe zakhala zikuteteza chilumbacho mwakachetechete kwazaka zambiri.
Çatalhöyük (7100 BC - 5700 BC)
Mzinda wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zikumveka zochititsa chidwi, sichoncho? Çatalhöyük idamangidwa panthawi yachitukuko chapamwamba cha Neolithic (zaka zopitilira zisanu ndi zinayi ndi theka zapitazo) m'dera lomwe dziko la Turkey lili pano.
Mzindawu unali ndi mapangidwe apadera a nthawizo: kunalibe misewu, nyumba zonse zinali pafupi ndi mzake, ndipo munayenera kuzilowetsa padenga. Asayansi adatcha mzinda wakale Çatalhöyük pazifukwa zake - pafupifupi anthu zikwi khumi amakhala mmenemo. Chimene chinawachititsa kuti achoke mumzinda wawo waukulu zaka pafupifupi XNUMX zapitazo sichikudziwikabe.
Cahokia (300 BC - 14th century AD)
Zikumbutso zokha za chitukuko chakale cha ku India ndi milu yamiyambo, yomwe ili m'boma la Illinois (USA). Kwa nthawi yayitali, Cahokia adasungabe tawuni yayikulu kwambiri ku North America: dera lamudziwu linali lalikulu ma kilomita 15, ndipo anthu 40 amakhala pano. Malinga ndi asayansi, anthu adaganiza zosiya mzindawu chifukwa choti panali mavuto akulu ndi ukhondo, chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika njala ndi miliri.
Göbekli Tepe (wazaka pafupifupi 12,000)
Kachisi uyu akadali chinsinsi. Chokhacho chomwe timadziwa ndichakuti idamangidwa pafupifupi 10,000 BC. Dzina losazolowereka la zovuta izi, zomwe zili mdera la Turkey, limamasuliridwa kuti “Phiri lokhala ndi mphika”. Mpaka pano, ndi 5% yokha ya nyumbayi yomwe yafufuzidwa, motero akatswiri ofukula zakale sanapeze mayankho pamafunso ambiri.
Ufumu wa Khmer (cha m'ma 802-1431 AD)
Angkor Wat ndiye chidwi chachikulu ku Cambodia. Ndipo kamodzi, mu 1000-1200 AD, mzinda wa Angkor unali likulu la ufumu waukulu wa Khmer. Malinga ndi ofufuza, malo awa atha kukhala kuti anali akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi nthawi imodzi - anthu ake anali ofanana ndi anthu miliyoni imodzi.
Asayansi akuwunika mitundu ingapo yazifukwa zakuchepa kwa Ufumu wa Khmer - kuyambira pankhondo mpaka tsoka lachilengedwe. Ndizovuta kuphunzira mabwinja a Angkor lero chifukwa ambiri a iwo ali ndi nkhalango yosadutsa.
Mafumu a Gurid (879 - 1215 AD)
Lero ndi Jam minaret yokha yomwe imakumbutsa mzinda wa Firuzkuh, womwe unali likulu la ufumu wakale wama Guridi. Chitukuko chomwe chinasowa chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri panthawiyo (dera lomwe masiku ano lili Afghanistan, Iran ndi Pakistan).
Kuchokera pankhope ya dziko lapansi, likulu la a Guridi adasesedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Genghis Khan. Chifukwa chakuti minaret ili m'dera la Afghanistan, kuphunzira kwake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, ndipo ntchito yofukula m'malo ano sinayambe.
Mzinda wakale wa Niya (panthawi ya Great Silk Road, cha m'ma 15 AD)
Tsopano pali chipululu m'malo mwa Niya, ndipo m'mbuyomu inali malo ochititsa chidwi pomwe apaulendo apaulendo onyamula katundu mumsewu wa Great Silk amakonda kupuma. Zotsalira za mzinda wakale wobisika pansi pa mchenga zidapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zakale posachedwa.
Atafukula ku Nia wakale, akatswiri ofukula zakale adakondwera, chifukwa pamalo ano adatha kupeza anthu ambiri omwe amagulitsa pa Silk Road. Lero, asayansi akupitilizabe kuphunzira mwakhama Niyu, zomwe kuchepa kwake kunagwirizana ndi kutaya chidwi mumsewu wamalonda waukulu.
Mzinda wa Nabta Playa (pafupifupi 4000 BC)
Chitukuko chotukuka kwambiri nthawi ina chimakhala m'chipululu cha Sahara, chomwe chidakwanitsa kupanga kalendala yake ya zakuthambo, yomwe ili zaka chikwi kuposa Stonehenge wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu okhala m'chigwa cha nyanja yakale Nabta Playa adayenera kuchoka m'chigwachi chifukwa cha kusintha kwanyengo, komwe kudayamba kuuma.
