Zitukuko zikukwera ndikugwa pang'onopang'ono kwa diso lakuthambo. Tikafukulira midzi yawo yakale zaka makumi angapo, mibadwo, kapena zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, nthawi zina timapeza kuti adasiyidwa pambuyo pa matenda owopsa, njala kapena tsoka, kapena kuti adafafanizidwa ndi nkhondo. Nthawi zina, sitimapeza chilichonse, ndipo ngati pali chilichonse chatsalira, ndi 'malingaliro osakwanira ndi mfundo zina zosathetsedwa.'
1 | Kanyuma, Turkey
Mu 7,500 BCE, mzindawu m'chigawo cha Mesopotamiya - tsopano Turkey - munali anthu masauzande ambiri ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi umodzi mwamizinda yoyambirira padziko lapansi. Koma chikhalidwe cha anthu pano sichinali chosiyana ndi chilichonse chomwe tikudziwa lero.
Choyamba, adamanga mzindawu ngati chisa cha uchi, okhala ndi nyumba zogawikana khoma. Nyumba ndi nyumba zinali ndi zitseko zodulidwa padenga. Anthu amayenda m'misewu kudutsa padengali, ndikukwera makwerero kuti akafike komwe amakhala. Pakhomo nthawi zambiri panali chizindikiro cha nyanga zamphongo, ndipo mamembala am'banja lakufa anali kuyikidwa m'manda pansi pa nyumba iliyonse.
Sizikudziwika bwinobwino zomwe zidachitika ku chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakhala mumzinda uno. Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kameneka kamawoneka ngati kapadera, ngakhale akatswiri ofukula zakale apeza mafano azimayi aziberekero mumzinda omwe amafanana ndi ena omwe amapezeka m'derali. Chifukwa chake zikuwoneka kuti mzindawu utasiyidwa, chikhalidwe chawo chidawonekera kunja kumizinda ina kudera la Mesopotamiya.
2 | Palenque Of Mexico - Chitukuko cha Amaya
Palenque ndi umodzi mwamizinda yayikulu komanso yosungidwa bwino m'mizinda ya Maya, ndi chizindikiro cha chinsinsi cha chitukuko chonse cha Amaya - chomwe chidadzuka, chidalamulira madera ena a Mexico, Guatemala, Belize ndi Honduras, kenako chidasowa ndikufotokozera pang'ono.
Atapezeka m'ma 1950, mzinda wowonongeka wa Palenque wagona m'nkhalango zaku Mexico, pokhala m'modzi mwa mabwinja ochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Mayan. Mzindawu, wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha zojambula zake zodabwitsa komanso malo opumulira a Pakal the Great, mzindawu kale unali mzinda wopambana pakati pa 500 AD ndi 700 AD ndipo unali kunyumba kwa anthu pafupifupi 6,000 kutalika kwake.
Ngakhale mbadwa za Amaya zikupitabe patsogolo ku Mexico ndi Central America, palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake mizinda yayikulu ya Amaya idasanduka mabwinja ndipo pamapeto pake idasiyidwa mzaka za m'ma 1400. Palenque anali pachimake pa nthawi yakale ya chitukuko cha Amaya, kuyambira 700-1000 AD. Mofanana ndi mizinda yambiri ya Amaya, linali ndi akachisi, nyumba zachifumu, ndi misika zomwe zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri.
Komabe, Palenque, yomwe ili kufupi ndi dera lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa Chiapas, ndi malo ofukulidwa kwambiri ofukula za m'mabwinja chifukwa ili ndi zojambula ndi zolemba zambiri zatukuko la Amaya, zomwe zimapereka mbiri yakale yokhudza mafumu, nkhondo, ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu amaya. Malingaliro akuti chifukwa chiyani mizindayi ndi mizinda ina ya Maya idasiyidwa ndi monga nkhondo, njala, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo.
Pali zojambula zina zobisika zomwe zimawonetsa zodabwitsa, zomwe zimasuliridwa kuti ndi zizindikilo zakuthambo kapena zachipembedzo, kapena zofanizira zomwe zikusonyeza kuti munthu wakufayo amagwiritsa ntchito sitima yapamtunda popita kudziko lina.
Tsopano ndi World Heritage Site, ndi gawo chabe la nyumba pafupifupi 1,500 za Palenque zomwe zidafukulidwa. Mwa ena omwe anafufuzidwa bwino ndi manda a Pakal the Great, ndi Temple of the Red Queen. Otsatirawa adapereka chidziwitso kuti Amaya adalemba matupi a anthu awo omwalira ofiira ofiira - ofiira omwewo omwe akadagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenta nyumba zambiri. Kwa Amaya, chofiira chinali mtundu wamagazi ndi mtundu wa moyo.
Palenque adasiyidwa m'zaka za zana la 10 CE, kuti asiyidwe ndi nkhalango ndikusungidwa ndi nyama zamtchire zomwe zidadulidwapo. Pali malingaliro ambiri onena za chifukwa chake anthu adachoka mumzinda, kuchokera ku njala yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi chilala ndikusintha kwa ndale. Tsiku lomaliza lomwe tikudziwa kuti mzindawu udalandidwa ndi Novembala 17, 799 - tsiku losemedwa pamphika.
El Mirador:
Asayansi atasanthula nkhalango za Guatemala pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa LiDAR, adapeza misewu yakale ndi midzi yomwe yabisika m'nkhalango. Anayenda mtunda wa makilomita 87 modabwitsa omwe adathandizira kulenga El Mirador, chiyambi cha chitukuko cha Amaya.
Tekinoloje ya Laser yotchedwa LiDAR pamanja imachotsa denga la nkhalango kuwulula mabwinja akale pansipa, kuwonetsa kuti mizinda ya Maya monga Tikal inali yayikulupo kuposa kafukufuku wapadziko lapansi.
Ochita kafukufuku anapeza mabwinja a nyumba zoposa 60,000, nyumba zachifumu, misewu ikuluikulu, ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi anthu zomwe zakhala zikubisika kwazaka zambiri kunkhalango zakumpoto kwa Guatemala.
Ntchitoyi idapanga ma kilomita opitilira 800 a Maya Biosphere Reserve m'chigawo cha Petén ku Guatemala, ndikupanga chidziwitso chachikulu kwambiri cha LiDAR chomwe chidapezedwapo kafukufuku wamabwinja.
Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti Central America idathandizira chitukuko chomwe chinali, pachimake zaka 1,200 zapitazo, chofanananso ndi zikhalidwe zotsogola monga Greece wakale kapena China kuposa mzinda wofalikira komanso wokhala ndi anthu ochepa omwe akuti kafukufuku wapadziko lapansi anali atanenapo kale.
3 | Cahokia, United States
Mbiri Yake ku Cahokia Mounds State ndi malo a mzinda wakale wa Columbian Native American molunjika kudutsa Mtsinje wa Mississippi kuchokera ku St. Louis, Missouri kwamakono. Mabwinja akale amzindawo amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Illinois pakati pa East St. Louis ndi Collinsville.
Cahokia anali mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku North America kwazaka zambiri. Anthu okhalamo adamanga milu yayikulu kwambiri - ina yomwe mungayendere mpaka pano - ndi malo akuluakulu omwe anali misika komanso malo amisonkhano. Pali umboni wamphamvu kuti anthuwa anali ndiulimi wapamwamba kwambiri, komanso kuti amapatutsa misonkho ya Mississippi kangapo kuti amwetse minda yawo.
Monga Amaya, anthu aku Cahokia anali kutalika kwachitukuko pakati pa 600-1400 AD. Palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake mzindawu udasiyidwa, kapena momwe derali lidakwanitsira kuthandizira kutukuka kwamitengo yayikulu kwambiri kwa anthu 40,000 kwazaka zambiri.
Cahokia akusocheretsa, popeza sitikudziwa kwenikweni kuti anthu omwe amakhala kumeneko amadzitcha okha. Tapeza milu yamaliro, kuphatikiza yomwe ili ndi phazi lalikulu kuposa ma piramidi akulu kwambiri ku Egypt. Kunena, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pambiri yakale komanso kuchuluka kwa maderawa. Ofukula za m'mabwinja amakangana za kukula kwa malowo, ndi kuyerekezera kwa anthu kuyambira 10,000 mpaka 15,000 pachilumba chachikulu cha mzindawu, pomwe anthu ena 30,000 adakhazikika m'malo omwe amakhala kwenikweni.
Inakhazikitsidwa mozungulira 1050 AD mwachangu modabwitsa, ndipo idasiyidwa kwathunthu nthawi yomwe Columbus adagwa ku New World. Mzindawu ukuwonetsa zizindikiro zakumangidwanso kangapo pakati pa 1100 AD ndi 1275 AD, koma kupitirira apo, palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chomwe anthu ambiri adachoka. Kusintha kwanyengo komanso kuchepa kwa mbewu kwaganiziridwa pazomwe zachitika kwa anthu amzindawu, koma kumapeto kwa tsiku, palibe amene akudziwa.
4 | Machu Picchu, Peru - Chitukuko cha Inca
Zambiri sizikudziwikabe za Ufumu wa Inca, womwe unkalamulira madera ena omwe masiku ano amadziwika kuti Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia ndi Argentina kwazaka zambiri asanafike a Spain, kuwononga mizinda yake, ndikuwotcha malo ake osungira mabuku a quipu - a Inca chilankhulo "cholembedwa" ndi mfundo ndi chingwe. Ngakhale tikudziwa zambiri zaukadaulo wa Inca, zomangamanga ndi ulimi wapamwamba - zonse zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mumzinda waukulu wa Inca Machu Picchu - sitingathe kuwerenga zomwe zatsala pamakina omwe ali ndi zolemba zawo.
Gawo lochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndiloti sitimvetsetsa momwe adayendetsera ufumu waukulu osamanga msika umodzi wokha. Ndiko kulondola - Machu Picchu ndi mizinda ina ya Inca ilibe misika. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mizinda yambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imamangidwa mozungulira mabwalo amisika ndi malo ogulitsira. Kodi chitukuko chotukuka chotere chidakhalapo bwanji popanda chuma chodziwika? Mwina tsiku lina tidzapeza mayankho.
5 | Mzinda Wotayika Wa Aigupto Wa Thonis
M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BCE, mzinda wodziwika bwinowu unali njira yolowera ku Egypt, tawuni yomwe ili ndi zipilala zodabwitsa, amalonda olemera, ndi nyumba zazikulu. Tsopano yamizidwa kwathunthu m'nyanja ya Mediterranean. Thonis adayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono kuuka kwa Alexandria m'zaka za zana lachitatu CE. Koma pamapeto pake, kutsetsereka kumeneku kudakhala kwenikweni, pomwe mzindawu udamira m'nyanja yomwe kale inali chuma chake.
Palibe amene akudziwa momwe zidachitikira, koma pofika zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu CE, mzindawu unali utapita. Ayenera kuti ndi amene anamwedwa madzi zivomezi zitachitika. Posachedwapa atulukiranso ndi wofukula mabwinja a Franck Goddio, mzinda wam'madzi wa Thonis, womwe umadziwikanso kuti Heracleion, tsopano ukufukulidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean kufupi ndi gombe la Egypt. Werengani zambiri
6 | Chitukuko cha Indus Valley, Pakistan-India
Kunyumba kwa chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zopangidwa ndi anthu mdziko lakale, Indus Valley Civilization - yomwe idadziwika kuti ndi yotukuka kwambiri monga Harappan Civilization - inali m'modzi mwamizinda yayikulu kwambiri kumayiko ena. Pamodzi ndi Igupto wakale ndi Mesopotamiya, inali imodzi mwazikhalidwe zitatu zoyambirira za Near East ndi South Asia, ndipo mwa atatuwa, ofala kwambiri, malo ake omwe amayambira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Afghanistan, kudutsa Pakistan ambiri, komanso kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Inakulira m'mabeseni a Mtsinje wa Indus, womwe umadutsa zigawo zazikulu.
Wopezeka makamaka ku Pakistan wamasiku ano, Indus Valley Civilization idakula zaka 4,500 zapitazo ndipo idayiwalika mpaka zaka za 1920 pomwe nthano zakomweko zidatsogolera akatswiri ofukula zakale kuti afufuze ndikupeza mabwinja ake akuluakulu. Chitukukochi komanso kutukuka kwambiri, kutukuka kumeneku, kuphatikiza Mohenjo Daro wodziwika bwino, anali ndi njira zoyambirira zaukhondo zam'mizinda, maiwe opangira, bafa, zokutira ngalande, zitsime zokhazikitsira nyumba kapena magulu anyumba, komanso umboni wa luso lodabwitsa mu masamu, uinjiniya ngakhale proto-dentistry.
Pofika chaka cha 1800 BCE, anthu adayamba kuchoka m'mizinda, ndipo palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake. Malingaliro ena amati adathawa chifukwa mtsinjewo udauma chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kudayamba kugwa, pomwe ena amatchula kusefukira kwamadzi kapena kuwukiridwa ndi mafuko aku Indo-European kapena abusa oyendetsa ng'ombe. Ngakhale palibe amene adatsimikiziridwa pano.
M'chigwa cha Indus, munali zikhalidwe zoyambirira komanso zamtsogolo zomwe zimatchedwa Early Harappan ndi Late Harappan mdera lomwelo. Chitukuko chakumapeto kwa Harappan nthawi zina chimatchedwa Mature Harappan kuti chimasiyanitse ndi zikhalidwe zina, zomwe zidakula pakati pa 2600 BCE ndi 1900 BCE. Pofika chaka cha 2002, mizinda ndi midzi ikuluikulu ya ku Harappan yoposa 1,000 inali itanenedwa, pomwe anthu ochepera zana adafukulidwa. Komabe, pali malo asanu okha am'mizinda: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Ganeriwala ku Cholistan, ndi Rakhigarhi.
7 | Ufumu wa Khmer Wa Angkor, Cambodia
Umodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri ku Southeast Asia, chitukuko cha Khmer chidafalikira kuchokera ku Cambodia kwamakono kupita ku Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar ndi Malaysia ndipo amadziwika lero ku Angkor, likulu lake. Ufumuwo unayambira 802 CE. Kupatula zolemba pamiyala, palibe zolembedwa zomwe zidapulumuka, chifukwa chake chidziwitso chathu chachitukuko chimayanjanitsidwa kuchokera pakufufuza kwamabwinja, zojambula m'makoma akachisi komanso malipoti akunja kuphatikiza achi China.
A Khmers ankachita Chihindu ndi Chibuda ndipo adamanga akachisi ovuta, nsanja ndi zinthu zina kuphatikiza Angkor Wat, zoperekedwa kwa mulungu Vishnu. Kuukira kwa akunja, kufa ndi mliriwu, mavuto oyang'anira madzi okhudza mbewu za mpunga komanso mikangano yolimbana ndi mphamvu pakati pa mabanja achifumu mwina zidatsogolera kutha kwa ufumuwu, womwe pamapeto pake udagonjetsedwa ndi anthu aku Thai mu 1431 CE.
8 | Ufumu wa Aksumite, Ethiopia
Yemwe amatenga nawo mbali kwambiri pamalonda ndi Ufumu wa Roma komanso India wakale, Ufumu wa Aksumite - womwe umadziwikanso kuti Kingdom of Aksum kapena Axum - udalamulira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa kuphatikiza Ethiopia kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 4 BCE. Amadziwika kuti ndi nyumba ya Mfumukazi ya Sheba, Ufumu wa Aksumite uyenera kuti unali chitukuko chaku Africa chomwe chidakulira ku Eritrea, kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, Yemen, kumwera kwa Saudi Arabia ndi kumpoto kwa Sudan.
Ufumuwo unali ndi zilembo zake ndipo udamanga zipilala zazikulu kuphatikiza Obelisk wa Axum, womwe udakalipo. Uwu unali ufumu woyamba woyamba kutembenukira ku Chikhristu. Kutsika kwa Axum kunadzudzulidwa mosiyanasiyana pakudzipatula kwachuma chifukwa chakukula kwa ufumu wachisilamu, kuwukiridwa, kapena kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kudasintha kusefukira kwa Nile.
9 | Ma Nabatean Otayika A Petra, Jordan
Chitukuko chakale cha Nabatean chinkakhala kumwera kwa Yordani, Kanani ndi kumpoto kwa Arabia kuyambira mzaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BCE, pomwe osamukasamuka olankhula Chiaramu a Nabatean adayamba kuchoka ku Arabia pang'onopang'ono. Cholowa chawo chimatchulidwa ndi mzinda wopatsa chidwi wa Petra, wojambulidwa mu mwala wolimba wa mchenga wamapiri a Jordan, ndipo amakumbukiridwa chifukwa cha luso lawo pakupanga madzi, kuyang'anira madera ovuta, ngalande ndi malo osungira omwe adawathandiza kuti akule ndikukula mu dera lowuma la chipululu.
Zochepa ndizodziwika pachikhalidwe chawo ndipo palibe zolembedwa zomwe zidapulumuka. A Nabatean adateteza mzinda wawo wokongola wa Petra motsutsana ndi Alexander Wamkulu ndipo adatengedwa ndi akazembe ankhondo omwe adamutsatira. Adagonjetsedwa ndi Aroma mu 65 BCE, omwe adayamba kuwalamulira pofika chaka cha 106 CE, ndikupatsanso ufumu Arabia Arabia Petrea.
Nthawi ina kuzungulira zaka za m'ma 4 CE, a Nabatean adachoka ku Petra pazifukwa zosadziwika. Amakhulupirira kuti, patadutsa zaka mazana ambiri akulamulira akunja, chitukuko cha Nabatean chidachepetsedwa kuti chisiyanitse magulu a anthu wamba achi Greek omwe adasandulika Chikhristu asanagwilitsidwe dziko lawo ndi achiarabu. Ngakhale amalankhula Chiarabu, sanasiye zolemba zilizonse.
Kuphatikiza apo, mumzindawu mulibe zinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chifukwa chilichonse chomwe anthu ali ndi chifukwa chosiya mzindawu, ndi chomwe chimawalola kutenga nthawi yawo, kusonkhanitsa katundu wawo, ndikuchoka mwadongosolo. Atangomanga mzinda wawo wamaloto, adalimbana ndi mphamvu zachi Greek, adagonjetsedwa ndi Aroma, adawona kutuluka kwachikhristu kenako adachoka kuti asapezekenso.
10 | Chitukuko cha Moche, Peru
Anthu ambiri omwe anali ndi chikhalidwe chofananira kuposa ufumu, chitukuko cha Moche chidakhazikitsa gulu lokhala ndi zaulimi lodzaza ndi nyumba zachifumu, mapiramidi ndi ngalande zovuta zothirira pagombe lakumpoto la Peru pakati pa 100 CE ndi 800 CE. Ngakhale kuti analibe chilankhulo cholemba, kutisiyira zochepa zonena za mbiri yawo, anali anthu aluso kwambiri komanso omvera omwe adasiya zomangamanga mwatsatanetsatane komanso zomangamanga.
Mu 2006, chipinda cha Moche chidapezeka chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka anthu nsembe, chokhala ndi zotsalira za zopereka zaumunthu. Pali malingaliro ambiri onena za chifukwa chomwe Moche adasowa, koma kufotokozera kofala kwambiri ndi zotsatira za El Nino, nyengo yamanyengo yodziwika bwino yomwe imasinthasintha kusefukira kwamadzi ndi chilala. Mwina izi zikufotokozera zoyesayesa zamagazi za Moche zokondweretsa milungu.
11 | Amaru Muru - Chipata cha Milungu
Nkhani ya Amaru Muru ndi nthano yofanana ndi mbiriyakale lerolino, chifukwa palibe zochitika zilizonse zamzinda kapena malo okhala omwe amasunga khomo lalikulu, lodabwitsa. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chofukulidwa m'mabwinja, khomo lotalika masentimita 23 lokhala ndi chidendene cha mapazi 6 lomwe limasindikizidwa pambali pa thanthwe lalikulu, lathyathyathya pamalire a Peru ndi Bolivia mwina ndi ntchito yomanga ya Incan. Komabe, palibe umboni weniweni woti ndani adamanga kapena kuyamba kumanga ntchitoyi ndi chifukwa chake idasiyidwa.
Malingaliro ena akuwonetsa zinsinsi zakuda za khomo la Amaru Muru. Anthu amderali amalitcha Chipata cha Amulungu, ndipo ambiri amakana kuyandikira. Pali nkhani za nyali zodabwitsa zomwe zimawonekera pakhomo, ndi za anthu omwe ayandikira kwambiri ndikusowa. Zomwe zili kuseri kwa chitseko akuti zimakonda ana.
Nthano zakale zimati ndi khomo lomwe limangotsegulira ngwazi zazikulu, ikafika nthawi yoti achoke kudziko lamoyo kupita kudziko la milungu yawo, ndipo nthano zina zimati zimatsegulira aliyense amene ali ndi nzeru kudziwa momwe mungapezere. Dzinalo Amaru Muru akuti ndi la wansembe wa Incan yemwe anali ndi kachisi wopatulika wa Incan - diski yagolide yomwe idagwa kuchokera kumwamba - ndikuthawa omwe akuwatsata aku Spain. Chipata chinawonekera ndikumutsegulira, kusunga choyikacho.
12 | Colony Yotayika Ya Roanoke
Mu 1587, gulu la anthu 115 ochokera ku England linafika pachilumba cha Roanoke, kufupi ndi gombe la masiku ano la North Carolina, United States. Pambuyo pa miyezi ingapo, zinagwirizana kuti bwanamkubwa watsopano wa koloniyo, John White, abwerere ku England kukapeza zinthu zambiri komanso anthu. White adafika ku England pomwe nkhondo yayikulu yapamadzi idayamba ndipo Mfumukazi Elizabeth I adalanda zombo zonse zomwe zidalipo kuti zithandizire pomenya nkhondo ndi Spain Armada.
White atabwerera ku Chilumba cha Roanoke zaka zitatu pambuyo pake mu 1590, adapeza kuti njuchi zidasiyidwa. Panalibe chizindikiro cha olowawo kupatula mtengo wokhala ndi dzina loti "Croatoan".
Croatoan linali dzina la chisumbu komanso fuko la Amwenye Achimereka lomwe limakhala, zomwe zimapangitsa akatswiri ena kukhulupirira kuti adagwidwa ndikuphedwa. Komabe, chiphunzitsochi sichinatsimikizidwebe. Ena amaganiza kuti adayesa kubwerera ku England ndipo adafera kwinakwake, kapena adaphedwa ndi omwe amakhala ku Spain omwe amayenda kumpoto kuchokera ku Florida.
13 | Chilumba cha Easter
Chilumba cha Easter ndichotchuka chifukwa cha ziboliboli zake zazikulu, zotchedwa Moai. Adapangidwa ndi anthu aku Rapa Nui, omwe amaganiza kuti amapita pachilumbachi pakati pa South Pacific pogwiritsa ntchito mabwato oyenda matabwa pafupifupi 800 CE. Akuyerekeza kuti anthu pachilumbachi anali pafupifupi 12,000 pachimake.
Oyamba ofufuza aku Europe anafika pachilumbachi anali Lamlungu la Pasaka mu 1722, pomwe gulu lachi Dutch lidayerekezera kuti panali anthu 2,000 mpaka 3,000 pachilumbachi. Mwachiwonekere, ofufuzawo adanenanso kuti anthu ochepa anali ochepa m'kupita kwa zaka, mpaka pamapeto pake, chiwerengerochi chinachepa mpaka 100.
Palibe amene angavomereze pachifukwa chotsimikiza chomwe chidapangitsa kuchepa kwa nzika za chisumbucho kapena anthu ake. Zikuwoneka kuti chilumbachi sichinapeze chuma chokwanira anthu ochulukirapo, zomwe zidabweretsa nkhondo zamitundu. Anthu okhalamo akanatha kufa ndi njala, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zotsalira za mafupa amphaka ophika omwe amapezeka pachilumbachi.
14 | Chitukuko cha Olmec
A Olmec adapanga chitukuko ku Gulf of Mexico cha m'ma 1100 BCE. Ngakhale umboni wambiri wamapangidwe awo wasowa, yambiri ya mitu yosemwayo imatsalira kukumbukira kukhalapo kwawo. Umboni wonse wamabwinja wamtunduwu udasowa pambuyo pa 300 BCE. Manda awo adatha, ndiye kuti ndizosatheka kudziwa chifukwa chake kapena adaphedwa ndi matenda kapena mphamvu. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni, njala, ndi masoka achilengedwe ndizo zikhulupiriro zazikulu, ngakhale zopanda mafupa, pali zochepa zomwe zingatsimikizidwe motsimikizika.
15 | Nabta Playa
Ngakhale sizidziwika kwenikweni za anthu omwe kale ankakhala m'chigwachi chachikulu pafupifupi makilomita 500 kumwera kwa Cairo wamakono, tapeza kuchokera kumalo ofukula mabwinja komwe anthu kuno amalima, kuweta ziweto, komanso kupanga zombo zadothi zaka zoposa 9,000 zapitazo , cha m'ma 7,000 BCE. Mwa mabwinja owopsa omwe atsalira ku Nabta Playa pali mabwalo amiyala ofanana ndi a Stonehenge. Mabwalo awa akusonyeza kuti anthu omwe kale ankakhala kuno ankachitanso zakuthambo.
16 | Anasazi - Foothills Mountain Complex
Chitukuko chomwe timachitcha "Anasazi" chidasiya mizinda yochititsa chidwi ya pueblo idadutsa m'mizinda ya kumapiri ku Southwest America konse, komwe tsopano kumatchedwa Foothills Mountain Complex. Zomwe sanasiye kumbuyo zinali chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo, kapena ngakhale dzina lawo lenileni. Dzinalo "Anasazi" limachokera ku Navajo ndipo limatanthawuza adani akale. Ambiri mwa mbadwa zamakono zachitukuko chakale amakonda mawu oti Ancestral Puebloans.
Chilichonse chomwe amatchedwa, Ancestral Puebloans nthawi ina adamanga mizinda yayikulu kudera la Utah, Arizona, New Mexico. Ena mwa malo okhala ndi mpweya awa adamangidwa cha m'ma 1500 BCE, inali nthawi yomwe chitukuko chawo chidayamba. Mbadwa zawo ndi Amwenye a ku Pueblo masiku ano, monga A Hopi ndi Azuni, omwe amakhala m'midzi 20 m'mbali mwa Rio Grande, ku New Mexico, komanso kumpoto kwa Arizona.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 13, chochitika china chowopsa chinakakamiza Anasazi kuthawa nyumba zaphompho ndi dziko lakwawo ndikusamukira kumwera ndi kum'mawa kulowera ku Rio Grande ndi Little Colorado River. Zomwe zidachitika zakhala zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuza za chikhalidwe chakale. Amwenye a ku Pueblo amasiku ano ali ndi mbiri yakale yokhudza kusamuka kwa anthu awo, koma tsatanetsatane wa nkhanizi ndizobisika kwambiri.
bonasi:
Kodi Anthu a M'nyanja Anali Ndani?
Aigupto wakale anali kuzunzidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi gulu lankhondo lodabwitsa la zombo zankhondo zazikulu. Achifwambawo mwadzidzidzi adayamba cha m'ma 1250 BCE ndipo adapitiliza kuwukira mpaka pomwe adagonjetsedwa ndi a Ramesses III, omwe adamenya nkhondo zowopsa zingapo motsutsana ndi asitikali cha m'ma 1170 BCE. Palibe mbiri ya iwo yomwe idachitika kale 1178 BCE, ndipo akatswiri akupitilizabe kutsutsana pazomwe amapita, komwe adachokera, chifukwa chomwe adabwerera, ndi omwe anali - kotero aliyense amangowatcha Anthu a Nyanja.
Ndani Adapanga Mitsinje ya Bada Megaliths?
Atabisala ku Bada Valley, kumwera kwa Lore Lindu National Park ku Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, pali mazana amitundu yakale ndi ziboliboli zakale zomwe zimaganiziridwa kukhala zaka 5000. Izi sizikudziwika motsimikiza kuti izi zidapangidwa liti, kapena ndani adazipanga. Cholinga cha megaliths sichidziwikanso. Anapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zakale kumadzulo kwa 1908.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti ma megaliths a Bada Valley sikuti amangofanana ndi Moai wachilumba cha Easter, komanso amakhala kutali kwambiri ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale, anthu aku Indonesia ochokera kunja kwa deralo samadziwa za ziboliboli. Kaya ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kapena am'deralo, palibe amene adakhalapo ndi ziboliboli. Anthu akumaloko akufalitsa nzeru zamakolo ndi mbiri kuyambira mibadwomibadwo imanena kuti ziboliboli nthawi zonse zimakhalapo. Uku ndikutsitsa mtundu wa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ofufuza malowa cha m'ma 1300 AD.
