Ebers Papyrus rikodin likita ne daga tsohuwar Masar wanda ke ba da magani sama da 842 don cututtuka da hatsarori. Ya mai da hankali kan zuciya, tsarin numfashi, da ciwon sukari musamman.
Papyrus yana da kusan ƙafa 68 (mita 21) da faɗin inci 12 (inci 30). A halin yanzu yana cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Leipzig a Jamus. Ya kasu kashi 22. An sanya masa suna ne saboda shahararren masanin ilimin masarautar Masar Georg Ebers kuma ana tunanin an ƙirƙira shi tsakanin 1550 zuwa 1536 BC a zamanin sarkin Masar Amenopis I.
Ana ɗaukar Ebers Papyrus a matsayin ɗayan tsoffin takaddun likita na Masar. Yana ba da haske mai haske a cikin maganin Misira na dā kuma yana nuna haɗewar kimiyya (wanda aka sani da tsarin hankali) da sihiri-addini (wanda aka sani da hanyar rashin hankali). An bincika shi sosai kuma an sake fassara shi kusan sau biyar, kuma an gane shi tare da ba da haske mai zurfi game da duniyar al'adun Masar ta farko tsakanin ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16th BC.
Kodayake Ebers Papyrus ya ƙunshi ilimin ilimin likitanci, akwai ɗan ƙaramin shaida akan yadda aka gano shi. Da farko an san shi da Assasif Medical Papyrus na Thebes kafin Georg Ebers ya sayo shi. Yana da ban sha'awa sosai don koyon yadda ya shiga hannun Geog Ebers kamar yadda ake koyo game da jiyya da magunguna na ruhaniya da yake tattaunawa.
Labari & tarihin Ebers Papyrus
Dangane da tatsuniyoyin, Georg Ebers da attajirin mai tallafawa Herr Gunther sun shiga wani kantin tattara tarin kuɗi wanda wani mai tara kuɗi mai suna Edwin Smith ke jagoranta a Luxor (Thebes) a cikin 1872. Al'ummar Egyptology sun ji labarin cewa ya sami Assyif Medical Papyrus na ban mamaki.
Lokacin da Ebers da Gunther suka iso, sun yi tambaya game da iƙirarin Smith. Papyrus na likitanci wanda aka lulluɓe da lilin mummy Smith ya ba su. Ya bayyana cewa an gano shi tsakanin kafafun mummy a gundumar El-Assasif na Theban necropolis. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, Ebers da Gunther sun sayi papyrus na likita kuma a cikin 1875, sun buga shi da sunan Facsimile.
Kodayake ana iya yin muhawara ko papyrus na likitancin Ebers na gaske ne ko na jabu ne mai fa'ida, gaskiyar ta kasance cewa Georg Ebers ya sami papyrus na Assasif kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta ɗayan manyan litattafan likita a cikin tarihin da aka yi rikodin.
Ebers ne ya samar da papyrus na likitanci a cikin hoton hoto mai launi biyu mai girma, cikakke tare da hieroglyphic Turanci zuwa fassarar Latin. Fassarar Joachim ta Jamusanci ta fito ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka buga ta a cikin 1890, sannan fassarar H. Wreszinski na ɗabi'a cikin hieroglyphics a 1917.
An kammala fassarar Ingilishi guda huɗu na Ebers Papyrus: na farko ta Carl Von Klein a 1905, na biyu ta Cyril P. Byron a 1930, na uku ta Bendiz Ebbel a 1937, na huɗu ta likita da masanin Paul Ghalioungui. Kwafin Ghalioungui har yanzu shine mafi kyawun fassarar zamani na papyrus. Hakanan ana ɗaukar shi ɗayan mafi kyawun wallafe -wallafe akan Ebers Papyrus.
Duk da ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin fassara Ebers Papyrus daidai, papyrus ya ci gaba da tserewa har ma da ƙwararrun masanan Masar. An samo adadi mai yawa na warkarwa daga abin da aka fassara a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, yana ba da haske game da wayewar Masar.
Papyrus na Ebers: Menene muka koya?
Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, an raba duniyar likitancin Masar zuwa kashi biyu: "hanyoyin hankali," wadanda sune magunguna bisa ka'idodin kimiyyar zamani, da "hanyoyin da ba su dace ba," wadanda suka hada da imani na magico-addinan da suka shafi layya, hada-hada, da rubutattun rubutattun maganganu na tsoffin tsoffin maganganu. Allolin Masar. Bayan haka, akwai babban alaƙa a lokacin tsakanin sihiri, addini, da lafiyar likita azaman cikakkiyar ƙwarewa. Babu wani abu kamar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta; fushin alloli kawai.
Kodayake Ebers Papyrus ya kasance a karni na 16 kafin haihuwar Yesu (1550-1536 BC), shaidar harshe ta nuna cewa an ɗauko rubutun daga tsoffin tushe tun daga Daular Masar ta 12. (Daga 1995 zuwa 1775 BC). An rubuta Ebers Papyrus a cikin hieratic, sigar taƙaitacciyar sigar hieroglyphics. Yana da rub877 (rubutun kai) a cikin jan tawada, sannan rubutun baki.
Papyrus na Ebers ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai 108 masu lamba 1-110. Kowane shafi yana da layi tsakanin 20 zuwa 22 na rubutu. Rubutun ya ƙare tare da kalandar da ke nuna cewa an rubuta shi a cikin shekara ta tara ta Amenophis I, yana nuna cewa an ƙirƙira shi a 1536 BC.
Ya ƙunshi ɗimbin ilimi game da ilmin jikin mutum da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, toxicology, spells, da gudanar da ciwon sukari. Daga cikin magungunan da aka haɗa a cikin littafin akwai waɗanda ke maganin cututtukan da dabbobi ke haifarwa, abubuwan haushi na shuka, da guba na ma'adinai.
Mafi yawa daga cikin papyrus sun mai da hankali kan farfajiya ta hanyar amfani da gandun daji, lotions, da sauran magunguna. Yana da shafuka 842 na magunguna da magunguna waɗanda za a iya haɗa su don yin cakuda 328 don cututtuka daban -daban. Akwai, duk da haka, ba ƙaramin tabbaci bane cewa an kimanta waɗannan gaurayawar kafin zuwa takardar sayan magani. Wasu sun yi imanin irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwar an yi wahayi ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na musamman da alloli.
Dangane da shaidar archaeological, tarihi, da likitanci, tsoffin likitocin Masar sun mallaki ilimi da iyawa don kula da marasa lafiya da hankali (jiyya bisa ƙa'idar kimiyya ta zamani). Duk da haka, sha'awar haɗa al'adun sihiri da na addini (hanyoyin da ba su dace ba) na iya kasancewa buƙatun al'adu. Idan aikace -aikacen aikace -aikacen sun gaza, tsoffin likitocin likita na iya juyawa koyaushe zuwa hanyoyin ruhaniya don bayyana dalilin da yasa magani baya aiki. Ana iya samun misali ɗaya a cikin fassarar sihirin warkarwa mai sanyi:
“Fito waje, hancin tayi, fita, ɗan hancin tayi! Ku fita, ku masu karya ƙasusuwa, ku lalata kwanyar ku ku yi ramuka bakwai na kai! ” (Ebers Papyrus, layi na 763)
Tsoffin Masarawa sun mai da hankali sosai ga tsarin zuciya da na jijiyoyin jini. Sun yi tunanin cewa zuciya ce ke kula da daidaitawa da jigilar ruwan jiki kamar jini, hawaye, fitsari, da maniyyi. Papyrus na Ebers yana da sashe mai faɗi mai taken "littafin zukata" wanda ke bayani dalla -dalla game da wadatar jini da jijiyoyin da ke haɗuwa da kowane yanki na jikin ɗan adam. Hakanan yana ambaton matsalolin tunani kamar ɓacin rai da dementia azaman mahimman sakamako na ciwon zuciya mai rauni.
The Papyrus Har ila yau, ya haɗa da surori kan gastritis, gano ciki, likitan mata, maganin hana haihuwa, parasites, matsalolin ido, matsalar fata, maganin tiyata na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da saitin kashi.
Akwai takamaiman sakin layi ɗaya a cikin bayanin papyrus na wasu cututtukan da yawancin masana suka yi imanin shine ainihin bayanin yadda ake gano ciwon sukari. Bendix Ebbell, alal misali, yana jin Rubric 197 na Ebers Papyrus yayi daidai da alamun ciwon sukari. Fassarar rubutun Ebers kamar haka:
“Idan kuka bincika wani mara lafiya (a) tsakiyar kasancewarsa (kuma) jikinsa ya cika da cuta a iyakance; idan ba ku bincika shi ba kuma kun sami cuta a cikin (jikinsa banda saman haƙarƙarinsa wanda membobi suke kamar kwaya ya kamata ku karanta -a sihiri- game da cutar wannan a cikin gidan ku; ku kuma sai ku shirya don masa sinadarai don magance shi: dutse na Elephantine, ƙasa; ja hatsi; carob; dafa abinci a cikin mai da zuma; ya kamata ya ci shi da safe har huɗu don kawar da ƙishirwarsa da kuma warkar da rashin lafiyarsa mai mutuwa. ”(Ebers Papyrus, Rubric No. 197, Shafi na 39, Layi na 7).
Kodayake wasu sassan daga Ebers Papyrus suna karantawa kamar waƙoƙin sihiri a wasu lokuta, suma suna wakiltar ƙoƙarin farko na ganewar asali wanda yayi kama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin littattafan likitanci na yanzu. Papyrus na Ebers, kamar sauran da yawa papyri, bai kamata a yi watsi da shi azaman addu'o'in ka'ida ba, amma a matsayin jagora mai amfani wanda ya dace da tsohuwar al'ummar Masar da lokaci. A lokacin lokacin da alloli suka ɗauki wahalar ɗan adam, waɗannan littattafan magunguna ne na cututtuka da cututtuka.
Papyrus na Ebers yana ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci a cikin ilimin mu na yanzu game da rayuwar Masar ta dā. Ba tare da Ebers Papyrus da sauran matani ba, masana kimiyya da masana tarihi za su sami mummuna, fasaha, da kaburbura don yin aiki tare. Waɗannan abubuwan na iya taimakawa tare da tabbatattun hujjoji, amma ba tare da wani rubutattun takardu ga duniya na sigar maganin su ba, babu abin da za a yi nuni da shi don bayanin tsohuwar duniyar Masar. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wasu shakku game da takardar.
Shakka
Ganin yawan ƙoƙarin da aka yi na fassara Ebers Papyrus tun lokacin da aka gano shi, an daɗe ana tunanin cewa ba a fahimci yawancin kalmominsa ba saboda ƙyamar kowane mai fassara.
Ebers Papyrus, a cewar Rosalie David, shugabar cibiyar KNH don nazarin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Manchester, na iya zama mara amfani. Rosalie ta bayyana a cikin takarda ta Lancet ta 2008 cewa bincike Papyri na Masar ya kasance ƙuntataccen tushe kuma mai wahala saboda ƙaramin aikin aikin da ake tunanin zai kasance a cikin shekaru 3,000 na wayewa.
David ya ci gaba da cewa masu fassara na yanzu sun ci karo da batutuwan da yaren a cikin takardu. Ta kuma lura cewa gano kalmomi da fassarorin da aka samu a cikin rubutu ɗaya yana sabawa rubutattun rubutun da aka samo a cikin wasu matani.
Fassara, a ganinta, yakamata ta kasance mai bincike kuma ba a kammala ta ba. Saboda ƙalubalen da Rosalie David ta ambata, yawancin malamai sun mai da hankali kan nazarin raunin kwarangwal na mutane.
Koyaya, binciken jikin mutum da na rediyo akan mummuna na Masar sun nuna ƙarin shaidar cewa tsoffin likitocin Masar ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne. Wadannan gwaje -gwajen sun nuna karaya da guntun guntaye, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa tsoffin likitocin tiyata na Masar sun kware a aikin tiyata da yanke hannu. An kuma gano cewa tsoffin Masarawa sun ƙware wajen ƙirƙirar manyan yatsun roba.
An bincika ƙwayar mama, kashi, gashi, da samfuran haƙora ta amfani da histology, immunocytochemistry, enos-nasaba immunosorbent assay, da DNA analysis. Waɗannan gwaje -gwajen sun taimaka wajen gano cututtukan da suka addabi mutanen da aka kashe. An yi maganin wasu cututtukan da aka gano a cikin mamatan da aka tono tare da magungunan magunguna da aka ambata a cikin papyri na likita, yana nuna cewa wasu, idan ba duka ba, na magungunan da aka jera a rubuce kamar Ebers Papyrus na iya samun nasara.
Papyri na likita, kamar Papyrus na Ebers, suna ba da shaida ga asalin littattafan likitanci da kimiyya na Masar. Kamar yadda Veronica M. Pagan ya nuna a cikin labarin ta Neurosurgery na Duniya:
“An yi amfani da waɗannan littattafan don isar da bayanai daga tsara zuwa tsara, da alama ana ajiye su a hannu yayin yaƙi kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin abin yau da kullun. Ko da tare da waɗannan littattafai masu ban mamaki, yana iya yiwuwa sama da wani mataki, ilimin likitanci an watsa shi da baki daga maigida zuwa ɗalibi ”(Pagan, 2011)
Ƙarin binciken Ebers Papyrus, da sauran da yawa da ke wanzu, yana taimaka wa masana ilimi don ganin alaƙa tsakanin ruhaniya da kimiyya a farkon ilimin likitancin Masar na farko. Yana ba da damar mutum ya fahimci dimbin ilimin kimiyya wanda aka sani a baya kuma wanda ya wuce ta tsararraki. Zai zama mai sauƙi a yi watsi da abubuwan da suka gabata kuma a yi imani cewa duk abin da aka ɓullo da shi a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, amma wannan ba haka bane.
Karshe kalmomi
Rosalie David, a gefe guda, tana roƙon ƙarin bincike kuma tana shakkar littattafan da ikon warkar da su. Abu ne mai sauqi ga mutane a yau su yi watsi da tsoffin magunguna. Ci gaban da aka samu ya ci gaba har zuwa inda munanan cututtuka kuma wahaloli suna kan gefen ƙarewa. Waɗannan ci gaba, a gefe guda, waɗanda suke rayuwa a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya kawai suna mamakin su. Yi la'akari da abin da mutum daga karni na 45 zai yi tunanin ayyukan yau.
Bayan haka, zai zama abin ban sha'awa a lura ko za a ɗauki hanyoyin likita na zamani a Yammacin duniya kamar:
“An tattara hanyoyin warkar da al'adu da akida don kawar da cututtukan da ke rawa mai tsauri tsakanin alloli gumakansu da allahntakar da ba a iya sani da suna 'kimiyya'. Da a ce waɗannan mutanen sun san cewa kumburi da raɗaɗin su ne mafi mahimmancin gabobin, wataƙila sun kasance neophytes na ƙarni na 21 kawai. ”
Halin da mu a cikin duniyar yanzu za mu gani a matsayin wawa da raini, amma wanda kakanninmu na iya ɗauka a tarihi da yarda da tarihi. Wataƙila ana buƙatar mahallin don tsohuwar Masarawa a wannan batun. Tsoffin alloli da hanyoyin warkar da su sun kasance na gaske a cikin duniyar su.
