Hannu da hannu da aikin noma, ilmin taurari ya ɗauki matakan farko tsakanin kogin Tigris da Yufiretis, fiye da shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Tsoffin bayanan wannan ilimin na 'yan Sumerians ne, waɗanda kafin ɓacewarsu suka ba wa mutanen yankin gatanci na tatsuniyoyi da ilimi. Gado ya tallafa wa ci gaban al'adun taurari na kansa a Babila, wanda, a cewar masanin ilimin taurari Mathieu Ossendrijver, ya fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda aka zata a baya. A cikin fitowar mujallar Kimiyya mafi kwanan nan, mai bincike daga Jami'ar Humboldt, Jamus, cikakken bayani kan allunan yumbu na Babila waɗanda ke bayyana yadda masu ilimin taurari na wannan wayewar Mesopotamiya suka yi amfani da ilimin da aka yi imanin cewa ya fito ne bayan shekaru 1,400 kawai, a Turai.
A cikin shekaru 14 da suka gabata, gwani ya keɓe mako guda a shekara don yin aikin hajji a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, inda aka adana tarin allunan Babila waɗanda suka fara daga 350 BC da 50 BC. Cike da rubutun cuneiform daga mutanen Nebuchadnezzar, sun gabatar da wuyar warwarewa: cikakkun bayanai na lissafin taurarin da suma sun ƙunshi umarni don gina adadi na trapezoidal. Yana da ban sha’awa, kamar yadda fasahar da ake amfani da ita a can ake tunanin tsoffin masana ilimin taurari ba su sani ba.
Koyaya, Ossendrijver ya gano, umarnin ya yi daidai da lissafin geometric wanda ya bayyana motsi na Jupiter, duniyar da ke wakiltar Marduk, allahn majiɓinci na Babila. Daga nan sai ya gano cewa lissafin trapezoidal da aka rubuta a dutse kayan aiki ne don ƙididdige ƙaurawar duniyar yau da kullun tare da ecliptic (yanayin yanayin Sun kamar yadda aka gani daga Duniya) na kwanaki 60. Wataƙila, firistocin ilmin taurari da ke aiki a cikin haikalin birni sune marubutan lissafi da bayanan taurari.
“Ba mu san yadda mutanen Babila suka yi amfani da geometry, graphics da adadi a ilmin taurari ba. Mun san sun yi hakan da lissafi. An kuma san cewa sun yi amfani da lissafi tare da lissafin geometry a kusan 1,800 BC, ba kawai don ilimin taurari ba. Labarin shine mun san cewa sun yi amfani da geometry don ƙididdige matsayin taurari ” Inji marubucin binciken.
Farfesan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi kuma darekta na kumbon taurarin Brasília, Ricardo Melo ya ƙara da cewa, har zuwa wannan lokacin, an yi amannar cewa dabarun da Babilawa suka yi amfani da su sun fito a ƙarni na 14, a Turai, tare da gabatar da Theorem na Matsakaicin Matsakaici na Merton. Shawarwarin ya bayyana cewa, lokacin da aka yiwa jiki ɗimbin hanzari ba tare da sifili ba a cikin madaidaicin motsi, saurin sa ya bambanta daidai, layi-layi, akan lokaci. Mun kira shi Uniformly Varied Movement. Ana iya ƙidaya ƙaura ta hanyar ma'anar lissafin ma'anonin saurin sauri a farkon da na ƙarshe na ma'aunai, ana ninka ta tazarar lokacin da abin ya faru; ya bayyana jiki.
"A nan ne babban mahimmancin binciken ya ta'allaka" ci gaba da Ricardo Melo. Mutanen Babila sun fahimci cewa yankin wannan trapeze yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ƙaurawar Jupiter. "Nuna gaskiya cewa matakin abstraction na ilimin lissafi a wancan lokacin, a cikin wannan wayewar, ya wuce abin da muke tsammani," Inji gwani. Ya nuna cewa, don sauƙaƙe hangen nesa na waɗannan gaskiyar, ana amfani da tsarin haɗin gatari (jirgin saman Cartesian), wanda kawai René Descartes da Pierre de Fermat suka bayyana a cikin karni na 17.
Don haka, in ji Melo, duk da cewa ba su yi amfani da wannan kayan aikin ilmin lissafi ba, Babilawa sun yi nasarar ba da babban nuna iyawar lissafi. "A taƙaice: lissafin yankin trapezium a matsayin wata hanya don tantance ƙaurawar Jupiter ya zarce geometry na Girka, wanda ya damu da zantuttukan geometric, saboda yana haifar da sararin lissafin lissafi a matsayin hanya don bayyana duniyar da muke ciki. . ” Kodayake farfesa bai yi imanin cewa binciken na iya yin kutse kai tsaye da ilimin lissafi na yanzu ba, suna bayyana yadda ilimin ya ɓace cikin lokaci har sai an sake gina shi da kansa tsakanin ƙarni 14 zuwa 17 daga baya.
Mathieu Ossendrijver yana da irin wannan tunani: “Al’adun Babila sun ɓace a cikin AD 100, kuma an manta da rubutun cuneiform. Harshen ya mutu kuma an kashe addinin su. A takaice dai: dukkan al'adun da suka wanzu na shekaru 3,000 sun ƙare, da kuma ilimin da aka samu. Kadan ne Girkawa suka kwato ” bayanin marubucin. Ga Ricardo Melo, wannan gaskiyar tana haifar da tambayoyi. Yaya wayewar mu za ta kasance a yau idan da an adana ilimin kimiyya na tsufa kuma an ba shi ga tsararraki masu zuwa? Shin duniyarmu za ta ci gaba da haɓaka fasaha? Shin wayewar mu za ta tsira daga irin wannan ci gaba? Akwai tambayoyi masu yawa da za mu iya yiwa malamin dalilai.
Wannan nau'in lissafin yana bayyana a cikin bayanan tsoffin tsoffin bayanai daga Ingila da Faransa waɗanda suka yi kusan 1350 AD An sami ɗayansu a Oxford, Ingila. “Mutane suna koyon yin lissafin nisan da jikin da ke hanzarta ko ya ragu. Sun haɓaka magana kuma sun nuna cewa dole ne ku matsakaita saurin. An ninka wannan daga lokaci zuwa lokaci don samun nisan. A lokaci guda, wani wuri a cikin Paris, Nicole Oresme ya gano abu ɗaya har ma ya yi zane -zane. Wato, ya tsara gudun ” yayi bayanin Mathieu Ossendrijver.
“Kafin, ba mu san yadda Babilawa suka yi amfani da geometry, jadawali, da adadi a ilmin taurari ba. Mun san sun yi haka da lissafi. (…) Sabon abu shine mun san cewa sun yi amfani da geometry don ƙididdige matsayin duniyoyi ” ya nakalto Mathieu Ossendrijver, masanin ilimin taurari.
