Masu binciken archaeologists sun gano Codex jirgin Nuhu - fatun fata na maraƙi daga 13,100 BC.

Masanin ilimin archaeologist Joel Klenck ya sanar da Gano Rubutu daga Tsohon Zamani, Codex na Jirgin Nuhu, a Wurin Late Epipaleolithic (13,100 da 9,600 BC).

A cewar Babban Jami’in Maritime Joel Klenck, an sami fatun fata na maraƙi a cikin Jirgin Nuhu, wanda aka sake gano kwanan nan, wanda aka kiyasta ya kasance daga lokacin 13,100-9,600 BC. Littafin ya ƙunshi haruffa, lambobi, da nahawu na Paleo-Ibrananci, waɗanda ake tunanin ɗaya daga cikin mutane huɗu da aka ambata a cikin Farawa 6:10 da Kur’ani, kamar su Nuhu, Shem, Ham, Yafeth, ko matansu ne ya rubuta.

Littafin Akwatin Nuhu, Shafuffuka na 2 da 3. Codex shine kakan littafin yau da ya yi amfani da vellum, papyrus, ko wasu yadi maimakon zanen takarda. An rubuta wannan takarda tsakanin 13,100 zuwa 9,600 BC. © Hoto daga Dr. Joel Klenck/PRC, Inc.
Codex na Jirgin Nuhu, Shafuffuka na 2 da 3. Codex shine kakan littafin yau da ya yi amfani da vellum, papyrus, ko wasu yadi maimakon zanen takarda. An rubuta wannan takarda tsakanin 13,100 zuwa 9,600 BC. © Hoto ta Dokta Joel Klenck/PRC, Inc.

Joel Klenck, daga Academia.edu, ya tabbatar da cewa Jirgin Nuhu, wanda ake iya samunsa ta hanyar ramuka huɗu zuwa goma sha ɗaya ƙasa da matakin ƙasa kuma yana cikin kwazazzabo na kudancin Dutsen Ararat, shine wurin da ya fi burgewa a tarihi. An kiyasta cewa an gina jirgin a cikin Late Epipaleolithic Period (13,100-9,600 BC) kuma yana da tsayi kusan mita 158, tare da tsayin mita 3,900 zuwa 4,700. Bugu da ƙari, akwai fasalulluka goma sha huɗu na archaeological gabaɗaya.

An baiwa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya damar rayuwa ko ta mutuwa ta wurin kasancewar jirgin Nuhu; zai iya kawo kudaden shiga na dala biliyan 38 a duk shekara zuwa Dogubayazit, birni mafi kusa, ta hanyar yawon shakatawa na addini saboda goyon bayan bangaskiyar Ibrahimu uku na rukunin harshen Semitic. Idan har gwamnatin tsakiya ta Turkiyya ba ta dauki matakin kare jirgin Nuhu ba, kungiyar PKK, wata kungiyar Markisanci da ta shahara da ta'addanci, za ta iya bankado jirgin, ta musanya kayyakinta da kayan tarihi masu kima da makamai, sannan ta saki annoba ta zamanin dutse daga narkar da najasar dabbobi. a ciki, wanda ya haifar da illa ga fararen hular Turkiyya.

Ragowar Jirgin Nuhu mai siffar dutse a wurin da ke kusa da Dutsen Ararat inda aka yi imanin cewa an ajiye jirgin a Dogubeyazit na Turkiyya.
Ragowar Jirgin Nuhu mai siffar dutsen da jirgin ruwa ya kera a wurin da ke kusa da Dutsen Ararat inda aka yi imanin cewa an ajiye jirgin a Dogubeyazit na Turkiyya. © Shutterstock

Tsohuwar jirgin ruwa na teku yana nuna wani ƙwanƙwasa wanda aka ɗora, cages masu yawa, takin dabbobi da aka adana a ƙasan tsakiyar tsakiyar, ramp ɗin da ke karkata, benaye uku, ballasts, ɗakunan ajiya, adzes na dutse da aka yi aiki a aikin kafinta na ruwa, da na waje da ciki na jirgin an rufe da farar. A cikin Akwatin, tukwane ba ya nan, amma akwai tarin kayan aikin Late Stone Age da kwantena da aka yi da itace, yadi, igiya, kayan tarihi na kashi da itace, ragowar tsiro, da hatsi da ake nomawa. Wannan ya hada da kaji, dacin vetch, fis, da hatsi.

A kusa da ƙofar jirgin Nuhu, tsararraki na baya sun gina ƙananan wuraren bauta da ke ɗauke da kayan tarihi na musamman da aka ajiye don nuna girmamawa na dubban shekaru. Masu binciken archaeologists sun gano tukwane daga zamanin Pottery Neolithic (7,000-5,800 BC) har zuwa zamanin Medieval (AD 700-1375) waɗanda ke cike da alamun giya, madara, da tsaba. Bugu da ƙari, an sami ƙananan ƙididdiga na dutse daga zamanin Sumerian Early Dynastic Period (2,900-2,334 BC) a waɗannan wuraren ibada.

Hatimin Akkadian daga 2,300 BC sun nuna jirgi a kan Dutsen Ararat mafi girma, yayin da allunan Hurrian daga 1,300 BC suna nuni da Nuhu, Dutsen Ararat, da babban abin bautawa. Wannan tsarin ya yi daidai da lissafin Jirgin Nuhu wanda sarki Musa ya rubuta a cikin Farawa, mashahuran malamai Berossus da Josephus, da kuma Alqur'ani na Annabi Muhammadu.

Adda SealPhoto na Dokta Joel Klenck/PRC, Inc.
Adda Seal. © Hoto ta Dokta Joel Klenck/PRC, Inc.

Armeniyawa suna ƙoƙarin ɓoye jirgin Nuhu tun shekara ta 247 BC, suna aiki don ci gaba da ’yancin kansu. Mkrtich Khrimian, shugaban Cocin Armeniya, ya ba da umarni a cikin 1907 don ƙara ɓoye ta, ƙoƙarin da aka ɓoye ta hanyar tsarkakewa na Stalin. Wannan ya yi tasiri a tarihin Anatoliya, yana haifar da ji da yawa. Klenck dai yana yakar wani bangare ne da ke da alaka da PKK, wadanda ke kokarin ruguza jirgin, wanda ke da ma'ana ga Musulunci, Kiristanci da Yahudanci.

Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya lura cewa Codex bai yi daidai da ka'idodin yau da kullun ba waɗanda suka ɗauka cewa harsunan farko sun samo asali ne daga al'ummomin da ke warwatse a duniya. Maimakon haka, kasancewar Akwatin a Dutsen Ararat, tare da rubutunsa na Paleo-Ibrananci, yana goyon bayan ikirari na Musa, Yesu, da kuma Annabi Muhammad na Musulunci cewa harsunan Semitic su ne yare na farko a duniya, suna tsira daga ambaliyar ruwa a duniya.

Ibrahim Ibn Ezra (AD 1089-1167), a cikin wasu mashahuran malamai, sun bayyana cewa surori na farko na Farawa an watsa su da baki daga Adamu zuwa Musa. Kalmar 'Toledot', wadda ke nufin 'account' ko 'ƙarni', an gabatar da ita a karon farko a cikin Farawa 2:5, kuma an maimaita ta a surori na gaba, kamar Farawa 5: 1, 6: 9, 10: 1; 10:32, da 11:10. A ra'ayin Ibn Ezra, an yi amfani da wannan dabara don tabbatar da adana labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki tun daga halitta zuwa Fitowa daga Masar. Duk da haka, gano Codex in the Late Stone Age, da aka rubuta a Paleo-Ibrananci, yana nufin cewa Toledot ya fi zama tarin rubutattun takardu da Musa ya haɗa cikin Pentateuch, daga Farawa zuwa Kubawar Shari’a.

Nuhu's Ark Codex, Shafuka na 4 da 5 Hoto na Dokta Joel Klenck/PRC, Inc.
Codex jirgin Nuhu, Shafuffuka na 4 da 5. © Hoto daga Dokta Joel Klenck/PRC, Inc.

An gano Codex a Area A1, Locus 14, wani ƙaramin yanki a cikin bene na biyu na jirgin. An yi amfani da wannan yanki don dumama abinci da ruwa. Bayan wasu ɓangarorin ƙwanƙolin cypress waɗanda suka yi bangon ginin, an sami ɓoye ɓoye inda rubutun yake. A cikin Locus 14, an gano abubuwan da suka riga sun kasance na tukwane, ciki har da tasoshin da aka rufe da laka da aka yi zafi a cikin jirgin, an yi imanin cewa samar da yumbura ya samo asali ne daga amfani da gypsum da kona kayan lemun tsami ko White Ware (Vaiselles Blanches). ).

Masu binciken archaeologists sun fuskanci ƙarin bayani kai tsaye game da ƙirƙira tukwane saboda Jirgin Nuhu: Zamanin Dutse mutane za su yi tasoshin ruwa daga itace, sannan su rufe su da yumbu kuma su ƙone su a kan wuta. Daga ƙarshe, mutane sun ƙaura daga ƙirar katako kuma a maimakon haka sun yi amfani da tasoshin yumbu waɗanda aka ƙarfafa ta wurin zafi, suna kafa tushe don haɓaka masana'antar yumbu.

Codex ya ƙunshi salo iri-iri na rubutun hannu, kama daga nauyi, rubutu mai kama da rubutu na mutum ɗaya zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, tsaftataccen bugun bugun edita wanda ya gyara kuskure a kalmar “rai,” da aka rubuta a cikin Paleo-Ibrananci.

Akwatin jirgin Nuhu ya ƙunshi fakiti, wanda aka sani da klaf ko vellum, wanda aka halitta daga ɓoye na dabbobin kosher kamar maruƙa. Murfin codex yana da tsayin 14.67 cm da faɗin 10.59 cm, tare da ɗaure uku da aka yi da fata mai laushi. Akwai shafuka bakwai na klaf na bakin ciki tare da gefuna masu faɗuwa, tsayin 9.75 cm da faɗin 7.53 cm.

Fatun na Vellum ya ƙunshi collagen da yawa. Lokacin da ruwan da ke cikin fenti ya haɗu da fatun, collagen ya narke, yana samar da tsagi a cikin klaf kuma ya ɗaga saman don fenti. Hakanan yana da sauƙi ga muhalli, musamman zafi. An samo Codex a Locus 14, Area A1, wurin da ya fi tsayi kuma amintacce a cikin jirgin. Wannan yanki yana kewaye da manyan gine-gine guda hudu da tarkacen jirgin. Ciki da wajen waɗannan gine-gine an lulluɓe su da yadudduka na farar, bitumen, da guduro. Tsayin Area A1 yana sama da mita 4000 akan Dutsen Ararat kuma an binne shi a ƙarƙashin 8 na ƙanƙara na ƙanƙara da kayan lithic, ba tare da zafi ba. Yawancin fenti daga Codex sun ɓace, amma abin da ya rage shi ne ƙwaƙƙwarar da collagen ke narkewa lokacin da aka fara amfani da fenti a lokacin Late Epipaleolithic Period (13,100 - 9,600 BC).

An haɗa Codex a cikin yanayin dama-zuwa-hagu, kamar Ibrananci da Larabci na zamani, da sama-zuwa ƙasa. Shafukan sun makale tare. Abin baƙin ciki shine, lokacin da aka gano rubutun, an raba sassan biyu, suna bayyana shafuffuka na 2, 3, 4 da 5. A shafuffuka na 2 da 4, ana iya ganin ra'ayi na vellum's collagen, amma suna nuna hotuna masu juyawa. Don haka, masana za su iya ganin bayan shafuffuka na 2 da 4, da gaban shafuffuka na 3 da 5. Haruffa na Paleo-Ibrananci sun fito a sarari daga baƙaƙen harufa zuwa ɓatanci. Domin gano ƙarin kalmomi da alamomi daga Codex, ana buƙatar hoto mai yawa da x-ray.

A cikin Codex, ana iya ganin alamar farko ta haskakawa tare da hotuna guda uku: Dutsen Ararat, dutsen da ke kudu da Ararat, da raƙumi. Wannan Layer yana kunshe da gwal na harsashi, wanda foda ne na gwal wanda aka haɗe shi da ko dai ɗan larabci ko kwai. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya ganin menorah mai kyandir guda biyu ba tare da tushe kusa da babban Dutsen Ararat ba.

Kurdawa mazauna kusa da Dutsen Ararat sun gaskata cewa jirgin Nuhu yana ɗauke da zinariya, kuma wannan gaskiya ne. An yi hasken da ke kan Codex ta amfani da foda na zinariya da aka samo a cikin jirgin. Kamar yadda jirgin yake a wani wuri mai nisa da keɓe a kan wani dutse a Gabas Kusa da shi, nesa da tushen zinare, mai yiwuwa foda na zinariya ya kasance tun lokacin da aka ƙara hawan dutsen saboda aman wuta da gefen arewa. An canza shi a cikin ilimin halittar jiki, wanda aka kiyasta yana kusan 9,600 BC a cikin Lokacin Epipaleolithic.

Codex ya kuma yi hasashen cewa za a iya samun wasu rubuce-rubucen klaf da ke cikin jirgin Nuhu. -Kalmar Ibrananci wasa, taƙaitaccen bayani, da nuna hotuna masu haske. Bugu da ƙari, nassin ya yi nuni ga ɓangarori game da Nuhu da Babban Rigyawa da aka ambata a cikin Farawa da Kur'ani, amma ba za a iya samun ɗaya daga cikin jimlolinsa a kowane takarda ba. Imanina ne cewa har yanzu ana adana wasu rubuce-rubucen hannu, irin su ‘Toledot’ da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ibn Ezra ya yi magana akai.

Klenck ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya kamata gwamnatin Turkiyya ta kasance mai kula da kundin Codex, da kuma kayan tarihi da gine-gine na jirgin Nuhu, waɗanda Muhammed, Yesu da Musa suka yaba. Ya ci gaba da nuna rashin jin dadinsa kan rashin kulawar da hukumomin binciken ilmin kayan tarihi na Turkiyya ke yi, domin ana wawashe wadannan kayayyaki marasa tsada da ke nuni da farkon wayewa da zamanin Neolithic. Klenck ya kammala, ya kira wannan rugujewar Jirgin da kayayyakinsa da bala’i.

PRC, Inc., wanda aka kafa a cikin 2007, yana ba da sabis na archaeological na duniya wanda ke rufe safiyo, tono da bincike.

Muhimmancin motsa jiki ba shi da tabbas. Ayyukan jiki yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyarmu gaba ɗaya, saboda yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa jiki da tunani. Zai iya taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka da yawa da kuma inganta rayuwarmu. Motsa jiki ba dole ba ne ya kasance mai tsananin ƙarfi don ya kasance mai fa'ida; ko da matsakaicin motsa jiki na iya ba da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya.