Encyclopedias tare da lakabi masu kayatarwa "Asirin Tsofaffin Al'umma", "Riddles na Labarun", shirye -shiryen talabijin da yawa suna ba da labari game da abubuwan da aka gano na musamman na masu binciken kayan tarihi - wannan shine yadda mutum na zamani ya san sirrin mutanen da suka rayu shekaru dubbai da suka gabata.
Duk da haka, yawancin sirrikan al'adu na musamman na iya nutsewa cikin mantawa, tun da kusan babu abin da ya rage na tsoffin ƙauyuka. Masu bincike ba sa tsayawa kaɗan kaɗan don tattara mosaic na rayuwar wayewar da suka ɓace, amma lokaci ba shi da tausayi, kuma yana ƙara wahala don neman amsoshin tambayoyi masu ban sha'awa.
Maya (2000 BC - 900 AD)
Mutanen da suka taɓa yin ƙarfi waɗanda suka gina manyan birane sun ɓoye mafi yawan sirrinsu bayan mayafin lokaci. An san Maya da haɓaka tsarin rubuce -rubucensu, sun kirkiro kalandar mai rikitarwa, kuma suna da nasu dabaru don lissafin lissafi. Suna kuma da kayan aikin injiniya nasu, wanda da su suka gina manyan haikalin pyramidal kuma suka kirkiro hanyoyin ban ruwa don ƙasashensu na noma.
Har zuwa yanzu, masana kimiyya suna ta bugun kwakwalwarsu kan abin da zai iya haifar da gushewar wannan wayewar. Bayan haka, Maya sun fara rasa ikon su tun kafin wani Bature ya fara taka ƙafa a ƙasashen tsakiyar Amurka ta yau. Dangane da hasashen masu binciken, wannan ya faru ne sakamakon yaƙe -yaƙe tsakanin juna, wanda a sakamakon haka aka bar tsoffin biranen.
Indiya (Harrap) wayewa (3300 BC - kusan 1300 BC)
A lokacin wanzuwar wannan wayewar, kusan kashi 10% na yawan mutanen duniya sun rayu a kwarin Indus a wancan lokacin - mutane miliyan 5. Har ila yau ana kiran wayewar Indiya da wayewa ta Harappan (bayan sunan cibiyar ta - birnin Harappa). Waɗannan mutane masu ƙarfi suna da masana'antar ƙarfe da aka bunƙasa. Sun mallaki nasu wasiƙar, wanda, abin takaici, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin asirin wannan wayewar.
Amma kimanin shekaru dubu uku da rabi da suka gabata, yawancin 'yan Harappans sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabas, suna barin garuruwansu. A cewar masana kimiyya, mafi kusantar dalilin wannan shawarar ita ce tabarbarewar yanayin yanayi. A cikin 'yan ƙarni kaɗan, mazauna sun manta game da nasarorin manyan kakanninsu. Bugun ƙarshe na ƙarshe ga wayewar Harappan Aryans ne suka kashe su, waɗanda suka lalata wakilan ƙarshe na wannan mutane masu iko sau ɗaya.
Wayewar Rapanui a tsibirin Easter (wajen 1200 AD - farkon karni na 17)
Wannan yanki na ƙasar da ya ɓace a cikin tekun ya kewaye kansa da babban adadin sirri da almara. Har zuwa yanzu, a cikin gungun masana, ana ci gaba da muhawara game da wanda ya fara mamaye wannan tsibiri. Dangane da ɗayan juzu'in, mazaunan farko na Rapa Nui (kamar yadda mazaunanta ke kira Easter Island) baƙi ne daga Gabashin Polynesia, waɗanda suka yi tafiya a nan kusan shekara ta 300 AD. a kan manyan jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfi.
Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da rayuwar tsohuwar wayewa ta Rapanui. Iyakar abin tunatarwa game da ikon da ya gabata na waɗannan mutane shine manyan dutsen dutse na moai, waɗanda ke tsare tsibiran cikin tsanaki tsawon shekaru da yawa.
Çatalhöyük (7100 BC - 5700 BC)
Babban birni mafi tsufa a duniya. Yana da ban sha'awa, ko ba haka ba? An gina Çatalhöyük a lokacin wayewar Neolithic na ci gaba (fiye da shekaru dubu tara da rabi da suka gabata) akan yankin da Turkiyya ta zamani take yanzu.
Wannan birni yana da gine-gine na musamman don waɗannan lokutan: babu tituna, duk gidaje suna kusa da juna, kuma dole ne ku shiga su ta cikin rufin. Masana kimiyya sun kira tsohuwar birni Çatalhöyük saboda dalili - kusan mutane dubu goma sun rayu a cikinta. Har yanzu dai ba a san abin da ya sa suka bar birninsu mai daraja kimanin shekaru dubu bakwai da suka gabata ba.
Cahokia (300 BC - 14th karni AD)
Tunatarwa kawai na wannan tsohuwar wayewar Indiya ita ce tuddai na bukukuwa, waɗanda ke cikin jihar Illinois (Amurka). Na dogon lokaci, Cahokia ta riƙe matsayin babban birni mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka: yankin wannan mazaunin shine murabba'in murabba'in 15, kuma mutane dubu 40 ke zaune a nan. A cewar masana kimiyya, mutane sun yanke shawarar yin watsi da birni mai girma saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai manyan matsaloli game da tsabtace muhalli, wanda daga nan ne aka samu barkewar yunwa da annoba.
Göbekli Tepe (kimanin shekaru 12,000)
Wannan haikalin har yanzu wani tsari ne mai ban mamaki. Abinda kawai muka sani game da shi shine cewa an gina shi a kusa da 10,000 BC. Sunan sabon abu na wannan hadadden, wanda yake a yankin Turkiya, yana fassara kamar "Tudu mai cin tukwane". Har zuwa yau, kashi 5 cikin ɗari na wannan tsarin kawai aka bincika, don haka har yanzu masana ilimin kimiyar ƙasa ba su sami amsoshin tambayoyi da yawa ba.
Masarautar Khmer (kusan 802-1431 AD)
Angkor Wat shine babban abin jan hankali na Kambodiya. Kuma sau ɗaya, a cikin 1000-1200 AD, birnin Angkor shine babban birnin daular Khmer. A cewar masu bincike, wannan sasantawa na iya kasancewa mafi girma a duniya a lokaci guda - yawanta ya yi daidai da mutane miliyan ɗaya.
Masana kimiyya suna nazarin juzu'i iri -iri na dalilan da suka haifar da faduwar daular Khmer mai girma - daga yaƙi zuwa bala'i. Yana da matukar wahala a yi nazarin kango na Angkor a yau saboda yawancin su cike da gandun dajin da ba za a iya wucewa ba.
Daular Gurid (879 - 1215 AD)
A yau Jam minar ne kawai ke tunatar da birnin Firuzkuh, wanda shine babban birnin tsohuwar daular Gurids. Wayewar da ta ɓace ta rayu a cikin babbar ƙasa a lokacin (yankin Afghanistan na yanzu, Iran da Pakistan).
Daga doron kasa, sojojin Genghis Khan sun share babban birnin Gurids. Sakamakon kasancewar minaret ɗin a yankin Afghanistan, bincikensa ya zama mafi wahala, kuma aikin fara tono a wannan wuri bai fara ba.
Tsohuwar garin Niya (lokacin wanzuwar Babbar hanyar siliki, kusan karni na 15 miladiyya)
Yanzu akwai hamada a wurin Niya, kuma a baya ya kasance ainihin rairayin bakin teku inda matafiya da ke ɗauke da kaya a kan Babban Hanyar Siliki suna son hutu. An gano ragowar tsoffin birnin da aka ɓoye a ƙarƙashin rairayi da masu binciken kayan tarihi kwanan nan.
Bayan sun tono tsohuwar Nia, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun yi farin ciki, saboda a cikin wannan wurin sun sami nasarar gano alamun mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi ciniki akan Hanyar Siliki. A yau, masana kimiyya suna ci gaba da yin nazarin Niyu a hankali, wanda raguwar sa yayi daidai da asarar sha'awa a babbar hanyar kasuwanci.
Birnin akan Nabta Playa (kusan 4000 BC)
Wata wayewa da ta bunƙasa ta taɓa rayuwa a cikin Hamadar Sahara, wacce ta sami nasarar gina samfur ɗin ta na kalandar taurari, wanda ya girmi shekaru dubu fiye da sanannen Stonehenge na duniya. Mazauna kwarin tsohon tafkin Nabta Playa dole ne su bar kwarin saboda tsananin canjin yanayi, wanda ya zama ƙara bushewa.
