Bala'in Fukushima Daiichi ya kasance hatsarin nukiliya a Fukushima Daiichi Tashar Nukiliya da ke Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture. Bayan wata babbar girgizar kasa, igiyar ruwa mai tsayin mita 15 ta hana samar da wutar lantarki da sanyaya makamashin Fukushima Daiichi guda uku, lamarin da ya haddasa hatsarin nukiliya a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2011. Dukkan cibiyoyin uku sun narke sosai a cikin kwanaki ukun farko. Saboda babban sakin rediyo a cikin kwanaki 4 zuwa 6, ana ɗaukar shi mafi hatsarin nukiliya tun lokacin 1986 Bala'i na Chernobyl, da sauran bala'i guda ɗaya kawai don karɓar rabe -raben taron Mataki na 7 na Ƙididdigar Matsalar Nukiliya ta Duniya (INES).
Radiation abu ne mai ban tsoro. Ba za ku iya gani ba, ɗanɗana ko jin sa, amma duk mun san ɗaukar hotuna na iya haifar da cutar kansa, haka kuma, a cikin matsanancin hali, yana iya lalata ƙwayoyin jikin mu, har ya kai mu ga mummunan mutuwa. To yaya hatsarin gaske muke fuskanta daga Fukushima a Japan?
Hadarin Nukiliyar Fukushima Daiichi
Kamfanin samar da makamashin nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi ya kunshi sinadarai daban -daban guda shida na tafasasshen ruwa wanda General Electric (GE) ya tsara kuma kamfanin Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) ne ya kula da shi. Hatsarin ya fara da Tōhoku girgizar kasa da tsunami a ranar Jumma'a, 11 ga Maris 2011. A lokacin da aka gano girgizar ƙasa, Masu Reactors na 1, 2 da 3 sun rufe halayen fission ɗin su ta atomatik.
A gefe guda, Reactors 4, 5, da 6 an riga an rufe su a shirye -shiryen yin mai. Duk da haka, wuraren da suke kashe mai har yanzu suna buƙatar sanyaya. Saboda tafiye -tafiyen da injinan keyi da sauran matsalolin grid, wutar lantarki ta gaza, kuma injinan na’urar na’urar na’ura ta gaggawa ta fara aiki. Abin mahimmanci, suna ba da wutar lantarki famfunan da ke yawo da ruwan sanyi ta cikin murhun injin don cire zafin lalata. An buƙaci waɗannan famfunan don ci gaba da watsa ruwa mai sanyaya ruwa ta cikin murhun injin na tsawon kwanaki don kiyaye sandunan makamashin nukiliya daga zafi fiye da kima, yayin da sandunan suka ci gaba da haifar da lalacewar zafin bayan fission ya ƙare.
Girgizar ƙasa ta haifar da Tsunami mai girman mita 14 wanda ya mamaye rufin tekun kuma ya mamaye ƙananan filayen da ke kusa da Rakunan 1-4 na gine -ginen ruwa tare da ruwan teku, ya cika ginshiki kuma ya lalata injinan gaggawa na Reactors 1-5. Babbar igiyar igiyar ruwa ta Tsunami ta kai tsayin mita 13 zuwa 14 kuma ta kai kimanin mintuna 50 bayan girgizar kasa ta farko, ta mamaye katangar tekun, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 10. Kamara ta yi rikodin lokacin tasirin.
Tun lokacin da aka lalata janareto a cikin igiyar ruwa ta tsunami, yanzu wutar lantarki don tsarin sarrafa injin yanzu ta koma batir da aka tsara don samar da wuta na kimanin awanni takwas. An tura ƙarin batura da injinan wayar hannu zuwa wurin, amma rashin kyawun hanya ya jinkirta su. Na farko ya isa da karfe 9:00 na dare a ranar 11 ga Maris, kusan awanni shida bayan tsunami.
Babban sanyaya yanzu ya dogara ne akan famfunan gaggawa na sakandare da ke sarrafa batirin lantarki, amma waɗannan sun ƙare a ranar 12 ga Maris, kwana ɗaya bayan tsunami. Ruwan famfo na ruwa ya tsaya kuma injinan sun fara zafi. Rashin ruwan sanyaya a ƙarshe ya haifar da rushewar nukiliya guda uku, fashewar hydrogen guda uku, da sakin gurɓataccen rediyo a cikin Rukunin 1, 2 da 3 tsakanin 12 da 15 Maris.
A cikin Reactors 1, 2, da 3, zafi fiye da kima ya haifar da martani tsakanin ruwa da zircaloy - wani zirconium gami da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin fasahar nukiliya, a matsayin dunƙule sandunan mai a cikin masu sarrafa makamashin nukiliya, musamman masu sarrafa ruwa - ƙirƙirar iskar hydrogen. A sakamakon haka, yawan fashewar sinadarin hydrogen-air ya faru, na farko a Rukunin 1 a ranar 12 ga Maris da na karshe a Sashi na 4, ranar 15 ga Maris.
Wurin da aka kashe na Reactor 4 da aka rufe a baya ya karu da zazzabi a ranar 15 ga Maris saboda lalacewar zafi daga sabbin man da aka kashe na makamashin nukiliya, amma bai tafasa sosai ba don fallasa man. Injiniyoyin biyu na Reactor 6 masu sanyi ba su lalace ba kuma sun isa a matsa su zuwa sabis don sanyaya Reactor 5 makwabta tare da injin su, don gujewa matsalolin zafi da sauran injinan suka sha.
An yi ƙoƙarin yin nasara don haɗa kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa zuwa famfunan ruwa. An danganta gazawar da ambaliyar ruwa a wurin haɗi a cikin gandun dajin Turbine da rashin igiyoyin da suka dace. TEPCO ta sauya kokarinta don shigar da sabbin layuka daga layin. Daya janareta a raka'a 6 ya ci gaba da aiki a ranar 17 ga Maris, yayin da ikon waje ya koma raka'a 5 da 6 a ranar 20 ga Maris.
Tasirin Bala'in Nuclear na Fukushima
Kashi na 1: Fashewa, rufin rufin ya tashi (12 Maris)
Kashi na 2: Fashewa (15 ga Maris), Ruwan da ya gurɓata a cikin rami na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, mai yuwuwa zai iya fitowa daga ɗakin dannewa
Kashi na 3: Fashewa, yawancin gine -ginen kankare sun lalace (14 Maris), yuwuwar kwararar plutonium
Kashi na 4: Wuta (15 ga Maris), Matsayin ruwa a cikin wuraren waha na mai an sake gyara shi
Mahara masu yawa: Wataƙila tushen gurɓataccen ruwa, wani ɓangare na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ya daina tsayawa (6 Afrilu)
A cikin kwanaki bayan haɗarin, radiation da aka saki zuwa sararin samaniya ya tilasta gwamnati ta ayyana yankin ƙaura mafi girma a kusa da masana'antar, inda ta ƙare a yankin ƙaura tare da radiyon kilomita 20. Duk an fada, kusan mazauna 154,000 sun yi kaura daga cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da masana'antar saboda hauhawar matakan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar gurɓataccen iska mai guba daga iska.
An saki ruwa mai yawa wanda ya gurɓata da isotopes na rediyo a cikin Tekun Pacific a lokacin da bayan bala'in. Michio Aoyama, farfesa na geoscience radioisotope geoscience a Cibiyar Rarraba Muhalli, ya kiyasta cewa an saki terabecquerel 18,000 (TBq) na cesium 137 na rediyo a cikin Pacific yayin hatsarin, kuma a cikin 2013, gigabecquerel (GBq) na cesium 30 har yanzu kwarara cikin teku a kowace rana. Tun daga lokacin ma'aikacin kamfanin ya gina sabbin ganuwa a bakin tekun sannan kuma ya ƙirƙiri “bangon kankara” mai tsawon kilomita 137 na daskararre ƙasa don dakatar da kwararar gurɓataccen ruwa.
Yayin da ake ci gaba da takaddama game da illar cutar da bala'in, rahoton 2014 na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tasirin Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ba su yi hasashen karuwar zubar da ciki ba, haihuwa ko rashin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali a cikin jarirai. haifa bayan hatsari. Shirin tsabtace mai zurfi mai gudana zuwa duka gurɓataccen wuraren da abin ya shafa da kuma kawar da injin ɗin zai ɗauki shekaru 30 zuwa 40, ƙididdigar gudanar da shuka.
A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2012, Hukumar Abinci ta Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Accident Acidentident Investigation Commission (NAIIC) ta gano cewa abubuwan da ke haddasa hatsarin sun kasance a iya hango su, kuma ma'aikacin kamfanin, Kamfanin Lantarki na Tokyo (TEPCO), ya kasa cika aminci na asali. buƙatu kamar ƙimar haɗari, shirye -shiryen ɗaukar ɓarnar lamuni, da haɓaka tsare -tsaren ƙaura.
A halin yanzu Jihar Fukushima Daiichi Reactors
A ranar 16 ga Maris, 2011, TEPCO ta kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na man da ke cikin Sashe na 1 ya narke da kashi 33% a Sashi na 2, kuma mahimmin sashin 3 na iya lalacewa. Tun daga shekarar 2015, ana iya ɗauka cewa mafi yawan man yana narkewa ta hanyar jirgin ruwan matsa lamba (RPV), wanda aka fi sani da “coreor reactor”, kuma yana kan ƙasan babban jirgin ruwan da aka ɗauko (PCV), bayan an dakatar da shi. PCV kankare. A watan Yuli na 2017, robot da aka sarrafa ta nesa da aka yi fim a karon farko ya narke man fetur, a ƙasa da jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba na Rukuni na 3. A cikin watan Janairun 2018, wani kyamarar da ake sarrafawa daga nesa ya tabbatar da cewa tarkacen mai na nukiliya yana a kasan sashin 2 PCV , yana nuna man ya tsere daga RPV.
Reactor 4 ba ya aiki yayin girgizar ƙasa. An mayar da dukkan sandunan man fetur daga Sashi na 4 zuwa gidan mai da aka kashe a saman bene na ginin injin din kafin tsunami. A ranar 15 ga Maris, fashewar sinadarin hydrogen ya lalata yankin rufin bene na huɗu na Sashi na 4, inda ya haifar da manyan ramuka biyu a bangon ginin waje. An yi sa’a, babu wani gagarumin barna ga sandunan man fetur na Reactor 4. Duk da haka, a watan Oktoban 2012, tsohon Jakadan Japan a Switzerland da Senegal, Mitsuhei Murata, ya ce ƙasa ƙarƙashin Fukushima Unit 4 tana nutsewa, kuma tsarin na iya rushewa. A watan Nuwamba na 2013, TEPCO ta fara matsar da sandunan man fetur na 1533 a cikin ruwan sanyi na Unit 4 zuwa tafkin tsakiyar. An kammala wannan tsari a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2014.
A gefe guda, Reactor 5 da 6 sun kasance kwatankwacinsu a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na barazana kamar yadda Sashe na 5 da na 6 suka raba injin janareta da jujjuyawar aiki yayin gaggawa kuma sun sami nasarar rufe rufewar sanyi, kwana tara bayan bala'in ya faru, a ranar 20 Maris Dole ne masu sarrafa kamfanin su saki tan 1,320 na ƙananan matakan datti na rediyo wanda ya tara daga ramukan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa zuwa cikin teku don hana lalacewar kayan aiki.
Bayan
Kodayake babu mutuwar da aka yi ta hanyar haskakawa a cikin abin da ya faru nan da nan, akwai mutuwar da yawa (wadanda ba su da alaƙa da radiation) yayin fitowar mutanen da ke kusa. Tun daga watan Satumbar 2018, mace -macen cutar kansa guda ɗaya shine batun sasanta kuɗi, ga dangin tsohon ma'aikacin tashar. yayin da kimanin mutane 18,500 suka mutu sakamakon girgizar kasa da tsunami. Matsakaicin matsakaicin hasashen mace-macen ciwon daji da ƙididdigar cututtuka bisa ga ka'idar ba-ƙofar layi shine 1,500 da 1,800, bi da bi, amma tare da mafi girman nauyin shaidar da ke samar da ƙima sosai, a cikin ɗaruruwan ɗari. Bugu da kari, yawan damuwar hankali tsakanin mutanen da aka kwashe sun haura ninki biyar idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin Jafananci saboda gogewar bala'i da fitarwa.
A shekarar 2013, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta nuna cewa mazauna yankin da aka kwashe sun fuskanci karancin radadi kuma mai yiyuwa ne illolin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da rashin lafiya.
Gurbataccen Ruwa - Barazana Ga Dan Adam
An gina katangar ƙasa mai daskarewa a ƙoƙarin hana ci gaba da gurɓata ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar narkar da makamashin nukiliya, amma a cikin watan Yuli na 2016 TEPCO ta bayyana cewa bangon kankara ya kasa hana ruwan ƙasa shiga da haɗawa da ruwa mai ƙarfi sosai a cikin ɓarna. gine -gine, ya kara da cewa "babban burin sa shine 'takaita' shigar da ruwan karkashin kasa, ba dakatar da shi ba". Zuwa shekarar 2019, katangar kankara ta rage yawan shigar da ruwan karkashin kasa daga mita 440 a kowace rana a shekarar 2014 zuwa mita mita 100 a kowace rana, yayin da gurbataccen ruwan ya ragu daga mita 540 a kowace rana a shekarar 2014 zuwa mita mita 170 a kowace rana.
Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, an tanadi gurbataccen ruwa mai tsayin mita mita 1.17 a yankin shuka. Ana kula da ruwan ta hanyar tsarin tsarkakewa wanda zai iya cire radionuclides, ban da tritium, zuwa matakin da ƙa'idodin Jafananci ke ba da damar fitar da su zuwa teku. Tun daga watan Disamba na 2019, kashi 28% na ruwan an tsarkake su zuwa matakin da ake buƙata, yayin da sauran kashi 72% na buƙatar ƙarin tsarkakewa. Duk da haka, tritium, isotope mai ƙarancin rediyo na hydrogen da aka samar a cikin halayen nukiliya, ba za a iya raba shi da ruwa ba. Tun daga watan Oktoba 2019, jimlar adadin tritium a cikin ruwa ya kusan terabecquerels 856, kuma matsakaicin taro na tritium ya kusan megabecquerels 0.73 a kowace lita.
Kwamitin da Gwamnatin Japan ta kafa ya kammala da cewa ya kamata a saki ruwan da aka tsarkake zuwa cikin teku ko kuma ya kumbura zuwa sararin samaniya. Kwamitin ya lissafa cewa fitar da duk ruwan zuwa cikin teku a cikin shekara guda zai haifar da yawan sinadarin 0.81 microsieverts (μSv) ga mutanen yankin, yayin da dusa zai haifar da microsieverts 1.2 (μSv). Don kwatantawa, mutanen Jafananci suna samun microsieverts 2100 (daidai suke da 2.1mSv) a kowace shekara daga hasken rana. Ka tuna, 1mSv shine iyakar adadin shekara -shekara ga jama'a gabaɗaya, yayin da ƙwararru, zai iya kaiwa 50mSv a shekara.
Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA) tana ganin cewa hanyar lissafin kashi ya dace. Bugu da kari, IAEA ta ba da shawarar cewa dole ne a yanke hukunci kan zubar da ruwa cikin gaggawa. Duk da allurai marasa sakaci, kwamitin na Japan ya damu da cewa zubar da ruwa na iya haifar da lalacewar lardin, musamman ga masana'antar kamun kifi da yawon buɗe ido. Tankunan da ake amfani da su don adana ruwan ana sa ran za a cika su da rani 2022. Kwararru hudu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya masu kare hakkin dan adam sun bukaci gwamnatin Japan da ta hanzarta fitar da ruwan rediyo daga tashar nukiliyar Fukushima zuwa cikin teku har sai an yi shawarwari tare da al'ummomin da abin ya shafa da kasashen makwabta.
Rahoton Bincike Na Bala'in Fukushima Daiichi
A shekarar 2012, Hukumar Bincike Mai Zaman Kanta ta Nuclear Fukushima (NAIIC) ta bayyana cewa bala'in na nukiliya "mutum ne ya yi", kuma abubuwan da ke haddasa hatsarin duka duka ana iya hango su kafin ranar 11 ga Maris, 2011. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa Fukushima Daiichi Makamashin Nukiliya Shuka ba ta iya jure girgizar ƙasa da tsunami. TEPCO, hukumomin da ke kula da al'amura (NISA da NSC) da hukumar gwamnati da ke inganta masana'antar samar da makamashin nukiliya (METI), duk sun kasa samar da ingantattun mahimman bukatun aminci - kamar tantance yuwuwar lalacewa, shirya don dauke da lalacewar lamuni daga irin wannan bala'i, da haɓaka tsare -tsaren ƙaura don jama'a a cikin yanayin sakin radiation mai tsanani.
TEPCO ta amince a karon farko a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoban 2012 cewa ta gaza daukar kwararan matakai na hana aukuwar bala'i saboda fargabar gayyatar kara ko zanga -zangar adawa da tashoshin nukiliyarta. Babu tsayayyun tsare -tsare na rusa shuka, amma kimar sarrafa shuka shine shekaru talatin ko arba'in.
Final Words
A watan Yulin 2018, wani bincike na mutum -mutumi ya gano cewa matakan radiation sun yi yawa don mutane suyi aiki a cikin daya daga cikin gine -ginen Fukushima. A yayin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a Fukushima, an sake sakin rediyo a matsayin kyamarorin da ke tafiya cikin iska, wani lokaci na nisan mil goma, kuma suka sauka a cikin karkara. Ba a shafi yanayin ba a kan sikelin da ake iya lura da shi, saboda mafi yawa daga cikin abubuwan sun zauna ko dai a cikin tsarin ruwa ko ƙasa da ke kewaye da shuka.
Kusan shekaru 9 ke nan da aukuwar bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima Daiichi. Yanzu, yawancin mazauna sun ƙaura gidaje - kuma sun ci gaba, suna sake gina rayuwarsu a wani wuri. Wasu kuma suna fargabar komawa yankin da a baya ya rufe da sinadarin rediyo. Har yanzu, wasu mutane sun fara tacewa a yankin Fukushima. A cikin 2018, yawon shakatawa don ziyartar yankin bala'in Fukushima ya fara. Daga nuclear to Tokaiimura ga Fukushima, a cikin kowane bala'in nukiliya, mun koya cewa a zahiri mutane suna iya sarrafa aikin nukiliya ko tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar bin hanyoyin da suka dace, ƙa'idoji da ƙa'idodi amma muna yin sakaci game da duk waɗannan abubuwan har sai mun fuskanci babban rashi a cikin bil'adama saboda wannan.
