Shekarar 1816 an san ta da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba, kuma Shekarar Talauci da kuma Goma sha takwas da daskarewa zuwa mutuwa, saboda munanan halayen yanayi waɗanda suka haifar da matsakaicin yanayin yanayin duniya ya ragu da 0.4-0.7 ° C. Wannan yanayin zafi a Turai ya kasance mafi sanyi a cikin rikodin tsakanin shekaru 1766 da 2000. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci a duk faɗin Arewacin Duniya.
Bayanai sun nuna cewa anomaly galibi wani yanayi ne na hunturu mai aman wuta wanda babban ya haifar 1815 fashewar Dutsen Tambora a watan Afrilu a cikin Indies na Gabashin Dutch - wanda aka sani yau a matsayin Indonesia. Wannan fashewar ita ce mafi girma a cikin aƙalla shekaru 1,300 - bayan ɓarkewar hasashe wanda ke haifar da matsanancin yanayin yanayi na 535-536 - kuma wataƙila ya kara tsanantawa da fashewar Mayon a cikin Philippines a 1814.
Me ya sa shekara ta 536 miladiyya ta kasance mafi munin shekara don rayuwa?
A shekara ta 536 miladiyya, akwai gajimaren ƙura na duniya wanda ya toshe rana tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya haifar da yunwa da cututtuka. Fiye da kashi 80% na Scandinavia da sassan China na fama da yunwa, 30% na Turai sun mutu a cikin annoba, kuma dauloli sun faɗi. Babu wanda ya san ainihin musabbabin, duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen fashewar dutsen a matsayin sananne sananne.
1816 - shekarar ba tare da bazara ba
Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba bala'i ne na aikin gona. Haɓakar yanayi na 1816 yana da tasiri mafi yawa akan yawancin Asiya, New England, Atlantic Canada, da sassan yammacin Turai.
Tasirin shekara ba tare da bazara ba
A China, an yi yunwa mai yawa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata amfanin gona da yawa da suka rage. A Indiya, jinkirin damina na bazara ya haifar da yaɗuwar cutar kwalara. Rasha ma ta shafa.
Ƙananan yanayin zafi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da rashin girbi a ƙasashen Turai daban -daban. Farashin kayan abinci ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a cikin kasashen. Tarzoma, kone -kone da satar dukiyoyi sun faru a garuruwan Turai da dama. A wasu lokuta, masu tayar da tarzoma suna ɗauke da tutoci "Gurasa ko Jini". Ita ce yunwa mafi muni a yankin Turai na karni na 19.
Tsakanin shekarun 1816-1819 manyan annobar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro sun faru a sassan Turai, da suka hada da Ireland, Italiya, Switzerland, da Scotland, wanda rashin abinci mai gina jiki da yunwar da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ya haifar ba. Fiye da mutane 65,000 ne suka mutu yayin da cutar ta bazu zuwa Ireland da sauran Biritaniya.
A Arewacin Amurka, a cikin bazara da lokacin bazara na 1816, an lura da “busasshen hazo” a sassan gabashin Amurka. Babu iska ko ruwan sama da ya tarwatsa “hazo”. An kwatanta shi a matsayin "stratospheric sulfate aerosol mayafi".
Yanayin sanyi ba ya tallafawa aikin gona sosai. A watan Mayu 1816, sanyi ya kashe mafi yawan amfanin gona a cikin tsaunukan Massachusetts, New Hampshire, da Vermont, da kuma jihar New York. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi a Albany, New York, da Dennysville, Maine. A Cape May, New Jersey, an ba da rahoton daskarewa dare biyar a jere a ƙarshen Yuni, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona.
New England kuma ta sami babban sakamako daga yanayin da ba a saba gani ba na 1816. A Kanada, Quebec ya ƙare burodi da madara kuma matalautan Nova Scotians sun sami kansu suna tafasa ganyayen ganye don abinci.
Me ya jawo bala'i na 1816?
A halin yanzu ana tunanin fashewar abubuwan sun faru ne saboda ranar 5 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu, 1815, Dutsen Tambora mai aman wuta a tsibirin Sumbawa, Indonesia.
A kusa da wannan lokacin, wasu manyan fashewar dutsen sun kuma faru wanda ya haifar da bala'i a cikin 1816:
- 1808, the 1808 fashewar asiri (VEI 6) a kudu maso yammacin tekun Pacific
- 1812, La Soufrière a kan Saint Vincent a cikin Caribbean
- 1812, Aw a cikin Sangihe Islands, Dutch East Indies
- 1813, Suwanosejima a cikin Ryukyu Islands, Japan
- 1814, Mayon a cikin Filipinas
Waɗannan fashe -fashe sun gina ƙura mai yawa na ƙura. Kamar yadda aka saba bayan fashewar aman wuta mai ƙarfi, yanayin zafi ya faɗi a duk duniya saboda ƙarancin hasken rana ya ratsa ta cikin stratosphere.
Mai kama da Hungary da Italiya, Maryland ta sami ruwan ƙanƙara mai launin ruwan kasa, shuɗi, da rawaya a watan Afrilu da Mayu saboda tokar aman wuta a cikin yanayi.
Babban matakan tsaf a cikin yanayi ya haifar da hazo ya rataya a sararin sama na 'yan shekaru bayan fashewar, da kuma jajayen launuka masu launin shuɗi a faɗuwar rana - gama gari bayan fashewar aman wuta.
Shekarar 1816 ta yi wahayi zuwa manyan zane -zane
Hargitsi yanayin bazara kuma ya ƙarfafa marubuta da masu fasaha. A lokacin bazara-lokacin bazara, Mary Shelley, mijinta, mawaƙi Percy Bysshe Shelley, da mawaƙi Lord Byron sun kasance hutu a Kabilar Geneva. Yayin da suka makale a cikin gida na tsawon kwanaki saboda ruwan sama akai -akai da gajimare, marubutan sun bayyana mummunan yanayin, yanayin duhu na lokacin ta hanyoyin su. Mary Shelley ta rubuta Frankenstein, labari mai ban tsoro da aka saita a cikin yanayi mai yawan hadari. Lord Byron ne ya rubuta waƙar Dark, wanda ya fara, “Na yi mafarki, wanda ba duk mafarki ba ne. An kashe hasken rana. ” Yawancin masu zane -zane a lokacin, sun zaɓi su goge ƙirƙirarsu da duhu, tsoro da shiru na yanayin Duniya.
Karshe kalmomi
Wannan abin ban mamaki ya nuna yadda muke dogaro da Rana. Taɓarɓarewar Tambora ya haifar da ɗan raguwa kaɗan na adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman duniya, amma duk da haka tasirin a Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka yana da ban mamaki. Ƙirƙira na masu fasaha na iya zama kamar sun mamaye amma a cikin 1816 begen duniya ba tare da Rana ya zama abin tsoro ba.
