I-Yuka: Amaseli E-Woolly Mammoth Afriziwe Aneminyaka Engu-28,000 Abuye Kafushane Kafushane

Ngomsebenzi omangalisayo wesayensi, abacwaningi baseJapane bakwazile ukuvuselela amangqamuzana e-Yuka mammoth eneminyaka engu-28,000 ubudala, isifanekiso esilondolozwe kahle esatholwa ku-permafrost yaseSiberia ngo-2010. Nakuba lokhu ukuphumelela iye yaletha isasasa phakathi kososayensi kanye nomphakathi ngokufanayo, ithemba lokuhlanganisa ngokugcwele i-woolly mammoth engasekho kuseyiqiniso elikude. Lesi sihloko sicubungula imininingwane ethakazelisayo yokutholwa kuka-Yuka, ucwaningo oluyisisekelo olwenziwe, kanye nomthelela wale mpumelelo emangalisayo.

Okuqukethwe -

I. Ukutholwa kwe-Yuka mammoth

II Ukuvubukula umcebo wangaphambi komlando

I.II. Isibonelo esibalulekile

II. Ukuvuselela amangqamuzana asendulo kaYuka

II. Ithimba labacwaningi

II.II Ukuhlolwa

III. Ukwenziwa kabusha ngokwengxenye kwamaseli e-Yuka mammoth

I-III. Umsebenzi weselula uboniwe

III.II. Imikhawulo yokuhlolwa

IV. Ikusasa le-mammoth cloning

IV.I. Kudingeka intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe

IV.II. Ukucabangela ukuziphatha

V. I-woolly mammoth: isimangaliso sangaphambi komlando

VI Ukubukeza kafushane

V.II. Ukushabalala kwe-woolly mammoth

VI. Ukubaluleka kocwaningo lwe-Yuka mammoth

VI.I. Ingqophamlando kubhayoloji yangaphambi komlando

VI.II. Imithelela yocwaningo lwezinhlobo ezingasekho

VII. Izinselelo nezithiyo ku-mammoth cloning

I-VII. Ukuthola amasampula ekhwalithi ephezulu

VII.II. Ukulinganiselwa kwezobuchwepheshe

VIII. Izinzuzo ezingaba khona ze-mammoth cloning

VIII.I. Imibono ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo

VIII.II. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokonga

IX. Intshisekelo yomhlaba wonke ocwaningweni lwe-Yuka mammoth

IX.I. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kososayensi baseJapane nabaseRussia

IX.II. Ukuthakasela komphakathi okusabalele

X. Amazwi wokugcina

Ukutholwa kwe-Yuka mammoth

Ukuvubukula umcebo wangaphambi komlando

Izinsalela zesilwane esincanyana esineminyaka engu-28,000 ubudala, esatholakala ngo-August 2010 ogwini loLwandle iLaptev ngaseYukagir, eRussia. Indlovukazi, okuthiwa uYuka, yayineminyaka engu-6 kuya kwengu-9 lapho ifa. © Isithombe ngenhlonipho: Anastasia Kharlamova / Ukusetshenziswa Okufanele

Ngo-August 2010, kwatholakala izinsalela zesilwane esikhulukazi esinoboya obuncane okuthiwa u-Yuka ogwini loLwandle iLaptev eduze kwaseYukagir, eRussia. Itholwe iqhwa kuqhwa laseSiberia, i-Yuka yayigcinwe iminyaka eyi-28,000 emangalisayo. Isimo esingavamile somama savumela ososayensi ukuba bafunde izici zayo ngokuningiliziwe, kuhlanganise nobuchopho bayo obunama-folders abonakalayo nemithambo yegazi.

Isibonelo esibalulekile

I-Yuka mammoth iyisibonelo esiyingqayizivele ngenxa yesimo sayo esilondolozwe kahle ngokuphawulekayo. Isakhiwo sobuchopho be-Yuka sifana ngendlela emangalisayo nezindlovu zanamuhla, sinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo walezi zidalwa ezinkulu. Ukutholakala kwe-Yuka sekuvule indlela yocwaningo oluyisisekelo emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zangaphambi komlando kanye nezakhi zofuzo.

Izinsalela zeYuka the mammoth ezineminyaka engu-28,000 ubudala zazihlanganisa ubuchopho obuqinile obunokugoqeka nemithambo yegazi. © Isithombe ngenhlonipho: Anastasia Kharlamova / Ukusetshenziswa Okufanele

Ukuvuselela amangqamuzana asendulo kaYuka

Ithimba labacwaningi

Ithimba lososayensi baseJapane nabaseRussia, eliholwa isazi sezinto eziphilayo esineminyaka engu-90 ubudala U-Akira Iritani, bahlela ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuvuselela amangqamuzana asendulo kaYuka. U-Iritani, uchwepheshe wokuzalanisa izilwane nowayengumqondisi we-Institute of Advanced Technology eKindai University eWakayama, eJapane, wayesefuna amangqamuzana ezilwane ezinkulu alele iminyaka engu-20 ngaphambi kwalokhu. isifundo esibalulekile.

Ukuhlolwa

Abacwaningi bakhipha izakhi ezingu-88 ezifana ne-nucleus kuzicubu zemisipha ye-Yuka futhi bazidlulisela kuma-oocyte egundane, okungamaseli angakwazi ukuhlukana ukuze akhe i-ovum, noma ingqamuzana lokuzala labesifazane, kuma-ovari. Lisebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-nuclear transfer, ithimba libe selisebenzisa amasu e-live-cell imaging ukuze libheke ukuthi amaseli ahlala isikhathi eside angasabela yini.

Ukwenziwa kabusha ngokwengxenye kwamaseli e-Yuka mammoth

Umsebenzi weselula uboniwe

Iqembu labacwaningi lamangala lapho amangqamuzana eqanda legundane amahlanu kwayishumi nambili alungisiwe abonisa ukusabela okwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokuqala kokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana. Lokhu okutholakele kufakazela ukuthi ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-28,000 XNUMX, amangqamuzana asengaphila ngokwengxenye futhi akwazi ukuphiliswa, okungenani ngezinga elithile.

Imikhawulo yokuhlolwa

Naphezu komsebenzi wamaselula oqashelwe, alikho iseli eliqede ngempumelelo inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli edingekayo ukuze i-Yuka mammoth yenziwe iklonyeni ngokugcwele. Umonakalo wamaseli phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka wawujule kakhulu, futhi abacwaningi bavuma ukuthi basekude nokuvuselela i-mammoth ephilayo. Kudingeka ubuchwepheshe obusha nezindlela zokunqoba lezi zithiyo.

Ikusasa le-mammoth cloning

Kudingeka intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe

Ithimba labacwaningi, okuhlanganisa no-Kei Miyamoto waseNyuvesi yaseKindai, ligcizelele isidingo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-cloning namasampuli ekhwalithi engcono ukuze kuhlanganiswe ngempumelelo i-Yuka mammoth. Le nqubo izohlanganisa ukuthatha i-DNA enkulu futhi ifakwe emaqandeni ezindlovu akhishwe i-DNA yawo.

Ukucabangela ukuziphatha

Ithemba lokuhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezishabalalayo liphakamisa imibuzo eminingana yokuziphatha. Nokho, u-Iritani nethimba lakhe baphikisa ngokuthi ukutadisha ukushabalala kwesikhathi esidlule kungasiza ososayensi bavikele kangcono izilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala. U-Iritani ukholelwa ukuthi kuwumsebenzi wakhe ukulondoloza izinto eziphilayo njengoba imisebenzi yabantu ibe nomthelela ekuqothulweni kwezilwane eziningi.

I-woolly mammoth: isimangaliso sangaphambi komlando

Ukubukeza kafushane

Ama-mammoth anoboya, afana nezindlovu zase-Afrika zanamuhla, ayezulazula Emhlabeni nge-Ice Age yokugcina, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-4,000 edlule. Lezi zilwane ezinhle kakhulu zazijwayelene kahle nendawo yazo ebandayo, zinezinwele ezinde, ezimahlikihliki, amazinyo asontekile, nesifumbu samafutha okugcina amandla.

Ukushabalala kwe-woolly mammoth

Isizathu esiqondile sokushabalala kwe-woolly mammoth kuseyimpikiswano phakathi kososayensi. Izinto ezingaba khona zihlanganisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuzingelwa kwabantu ngokweqile, kanye nenhlanganisela yakho kokubili. Ukuhlola i-Yuka nezinye izibonelo zezilwane ezinkulukazi kungasiza abacwaningi baqonde kangcono izici ezaholela ekuqothulweni kwazo futhi basebenzise lolo lwazi ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane zanamuhla.

Ukubaluleka kocwaningo lwe-Yuka mammoth

I-Yuka: Amaseli e-woolly mammoth aqandisiwe aneminyaka engu-28,000 ubudala abuye aphila kafushane 1 — I-Yuka iyisidumbu se-woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) esigcinwe kakhulu esake satholakala. Iboniswa eMoscow. © Wikimedia Commons

Ingqophamlando kubhayoloji yangaphambi komlando

Ukuphinda kwenziwe kabusha ingxenye yamaseli amakhulu e-Yuka kuyingqopha-mlando ebalulekile emkhakheni webhayoloji yangaphambi komlando. Ibonisa amandla amangalisayo ocwaningo lwe-DNA yasendulo futhi inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokwakheka kwamangqamuzana nofuzo lwezinhlobo ezishabalala.

Imithelela yocwaningo lwezinhlobo ezingasekho

Ucwaningo lwe-Yuka mammoth alugcini nje ngokunikeza ukukhanya ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezinoboya kodwa futhi luvula amathuba amasha okucwaninga ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingasekho. Ngokuhlaziya i-DNA yezilwane esezihambile kudala, ososayensi bangaqonda kangcono umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni kanye nezici ezibangela ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Izinselelo nezithiyo ku-mammoth cloning

Ukuthola amasampula ekhwalithi ephezulu

Enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko ekuhlanganiseni i-Yuka mammoth ukuthola amasampula ekhwalithi ephezulu anomonakalo omncane wamaselula. Amangqamuzana aneminyaka engu-28,000 ubudala akhishwa ezicutshini zezicubu ze-Yuka zawonakele kakhulu, avimbela ukuhlukana okuphumelelayo kwamangqamuzana.

Ukulinganiselwa kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe be-cloning bamanje abukathuthuki ngokwanele ukuze bunqobe izithiyo ezivezwa amaseli alimele. Abacwaningi bazodinga ukwakha izindlela namasu amasha okukhanda nokuvuselela i-DNA yasendulo ngempumelelo.

Izinzuzo ezingaba khona ze-mammoth cloning

Imibono ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ukuhlanganisa i-Yuka mammoth kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezindlovu nezinye izinhlobo ezisondelene kakhulu. Ngokuqhathanisa ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo zezilwane ezingasekho neziphilayo, ososayensi bangadweba isithombe esinembe kakhudlwana sohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphila eMhlabeni.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokonga

Ukuqonda izici ezibangele ukushabalala kwe-woolly mammoth kungasiza ekwaziseni imizamo yokongiwa kwezilwane zanamuhla ezisengozini. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo ezifundwe esikhathini esidlule, ososayensi bangasebenzela ukuvimbela ukushabalala kwesikhathi esizayo futhi balondoloze izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni.

Intshisekelo yomhlaba wonke ocwaningweni lwe-Yuka mammoth

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kososayensi baseJapane nabaseRussia

Ucwaningo lwamaseli e-Yuka mammoth bekuwumzamo wokusebenzisana phakathi kososayensi baseJapan nabaseRussia, okubonisa ukubaluleka kokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni wocwaningo lwesayensi.

Ukuthakasela komphakathi okusabalele

Ucwaningo lwe-Yuka mammoth luthathe umcabango womphakathi emhlabeni wonke, lwavusa ilukuluku mayelana namathuba okukhiqiza izinhlobo zezilwane ezishabalalayo kanye nemithelela engaba khona ngekusasa lempilo eMhlabeni.

Amazwi wokugcina

Ukwenziwa kabusha ngokwengxenye kwamangqamuzana e-Yuka mammoth kuyimpumelelo emangalisayo yesayensi eye yavusa isasasa futhi yaphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngekusasa lokuhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezishabalala. Nakuba ithemba lokuhlanganisa ngokugcwele i-Yuka mammoth lisasekude, ucwaningo olwenziwe kuze kube manje lunikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile ngebhayoloji yalezi zidalwa zangaphambi komlando kanye nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kocwaningo lwe-DNA yasendulo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nokuqonda kwesayensi kuqhubeka, ukucwaninga nge-Yuka nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezashabalala ngokungangabazeki kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuleni izimfihlakalo zokuphila eMhlabeni.