UMansa Abu Bakr II wayenguMansa weshumi (okusho inkosi, umbusi noma u-sultan) woMbuso WaseMali. Wenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1312 futhi wabusa iminyaka engu-25. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, wengamela ukwanda kombuso kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-mosque nama-madrasa amaningi. WayeyiSulumane elishisekayo futhi ayaziwa ngobuqotho bakhe. Ngo-1337, waqala uhambo lokuya eMecca. Wayephelezelwa ithimba elikhulu, kuhlanganise nomlando wakhe wasenkantolo, u-Abu Bakr ibn Abd al-Kadir.
Ngesikhathi esohambweni, uMansa Abu Bakr II waba nephupho lapho etshelwa khona ukuthi alahle isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi futhi ahlole uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Lokhu wakuthatha njengesibonakaliso esivela kuNkulunkulu futhi, lapho ebuyela eMali, wasilahla isihlalo sobukhosi. Wabe esethatha uhambo ngomkhumbi ehla ngoMfula iNiger noxhaxha lwemikhumbi. Kuthiwa wake wahlola ugu lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika waze wawela ulwandle i-Atlantic.
Uhambo oluyimfihlakalo lukaMansa Abu Bakr II
Uhambo luka-Abu Bakr II (owaziwa nangokuthi uMansa Qu), umbusi wekhulu le-14 loMbuso waseMali, luzungezwe izingxabano. Ubufakazi obungcono kakhulu esinabo ngakho buvela kusazi-mlando sama-Arab uShihab al-Umari, owahlangana noMansa Musa, indlalifa ka-Abu Bakr, eCairo ekuqaleni kwawo-1300s.
NgokukaMansa Musa, uyise wenqaba ukukholelwa ukuthi ulwandle alupheli futhi walungiselela uhambo lwemikhumbi engu-200 egcwele amatilosi, ukudla, negolide ukuze athole umphetho walo. Kwabuya umkhumbi owodwa kuphela.
Ngokusho kukakaputeni womkhumbi, babone impophoma ebhongayo phakathi nolwandle okungathi iwunqenqema. Umkhumbi wakhe wawungemuva kwemikhumbi. Eminye imikhumbi yamunceka, futhi wasinda kuphela ngokugwedla ihlehla.
Inkosi yenqaba ukuyikholelwa futhi yahlomisa imikhumbi engu-3,000 XNUMX ukuba iphinde izame, kulokhu ihamba nayo. Wenza uMansa Musa esikhundleni sakhe kodwa akazange abuye.
Enye inguqulo yesiNgisi yengxoxo ka-al-Umari noMusa imi kanje:
“Ngakho u-Abubakar wahlomisa imikhumbi engu-200 egcwele amadoda kanye nenani elifanayo elinegolide, amanzi, kanye nokudla, okwanele ukuba kuhlale iminyaka… Khona-ke omunye umkhumbi wabuya futhi sabuza ukapteni ukuthi yiziphi izindaba ababeze nazo.
Wathi, 'Yebo, Sultan, sahamba isikhathi eside kwaze kwavela umfula ogeleza olwandle olwandle oluvulekile… ngabonakala kubo…Kepha mina, ngahamba masinyane, angingenanga emfuleni.'
USultan wazilungisela imikhumbi eyizi-2,000 1,000, inkulungwane yakhe namadoda ayehamba nawo, nenkulungwane yamanzi nokudla. Wangishiya kumasekela akhe futhi wagibela i-Atlantic Ocean namadoda akhe. Sagcina ukubona ngaye kanye nabo bonke ababenaye. Ngakho, ngaba yinkosi ngokwami.”
Ngabe u-Abu Bakr wafika emazweni aseMelika?
Izazi-mlando eziningana ziye zaqagela ukuthi ukuhamba nje ngomkhumbi olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, u-Abu Bakr wayedabule la manzi amaningi, waze wafika emazweni aseMelika. Lesi simangalo esingavamile siye sasekelwa inganekwane phakathi kwabantu bomdabu baseTaino baseHispaniola abantu abamnyama abafika ngaphambi kukaColumbus nezikhali ezenziwe ngengxubevange equkethe igolide.
Ubufakazi obubonakala busekela izinsolo ezinjalo sebuveziwe. Amagama ezindawo emabalazweni amadala, isibonelo, kuthiwa akhombisa ukuthi u-Abu Bakr namadoda akhe bafike eZweni Elisha.
Abantu baseMaliya kuthiwa baqambe izindawo ezithile ngabo, njengeMandinga Port, Mandinga Bay kanye neSierre de Mali. Nokho, izindawo eziqondile zalezi zindawo azicaci, njengoba omunye umthombo uthi lezi zindawo ziseHaiti, kanti omunye uzibeka endaweni yaseMexico.
Enye impikiswano evamile ukuthi izimpahla zensimbi ezivela eNtshonalanga Afrika zatholwa uColumbus lapho efika emazweni aseMelika. Omunye umthombo uthi uColumbus ngokwakhe wabika ukuthi wayethole izimpahla zensimbi zaseNtshonalanga Afrika kumaMelika Omdabu. Omunye umthombo ugomela ngokuthi ukuhlaziya kwamakhemikhali amathiphu egolide atholwa uColumbus emikhontoni emazweni aseMelika kwabonisa ukuthi igolide cishe lalivela eNtshonalanga Afrika.
Ezinye izibonelo eziningi zokuthi ubukhona baseMaliya Ezweni Elisha nazo zinikiwe, okuhlanganisa amathambo, imibhalo, isakhiwo esibukeka njengemosque, ukuhlaziya ulimi, nemifanekiso eqoshiwe okuthiwa iveza abantu baseMaliya.
Ubufakazi obunjalo, nokho, abukholisi ngokuphelele, njengoba imithombo ebabalayo ayinikezi ulwazi olwengeziwe noma izinkomba ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimangalo zabo. Isibonelo, esikhundleni sokumane sisho ukuthi izindawo eziqanjwe abantu baseMaliya zatholakala kumamephu amadala, kungase kuthandeke kakhulu uma izibonelo ezithembekile kulawa 'mamephu amadala' zinikezwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi-mlando eziningi ziye zakuchitha konke lokhu okushiwo, zithi abukho ubufakazi bemivubukulo obake batholakala banoma yikuphi ukuhlobana okunjalo. Inye into eqinisekile: U-Abu Bakr akaphindanga wabuya ukuzothatha umbuso wakhe, kodwa inganekwane yohambo lwakhe isaqhubeka, futhi uMansa Abu Bakr II useyaziwa njengomunye wabahloli bamazwe abakhulu emlandweni.
