I-conundrum mayelana nokuhlolwa kwamaViking eNyakatho Melika ibambe kokubili aficionados omlando kanye nabantu abavamile bebambe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ukuvumelana okuvamile namuhla kuyavuma ukuthi amaViking afinyelela ngempela ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika. Uhlamvu lwemali lwamaViking, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Maine Penny, luwubufakazi obujulile baleli qiniso.
I-odyssey yokuqala: AmaViking eNyakatho Melika
Ubufakazi obuphathekayo babahambi baseScandinavia kanye nezifiki ezifika e-L'Anse aux Meadows eNewfoundland cishe ngo-1000 AD bubhalwe kahle. Lesi sizindalwazi kungenzeka ukuthi sasebenza njengesisekelo sokuqala sokuhlola okwengeziwe ezwenikazi laseMelika. Abavubukuli bathole i-iron smithy kanye nezinto ezingaphezu kuka-800, kuhlanganise nethambo, itshe, ne-bronze artefacts kule sayithi.
I-Voyage ekude: ingabe amaViking angena e-Inland?
Nokho, umbuzo wokuthi laba bahloli bamazwe abaqinile bangena bejula yini ezwenikazi usalokhu uxaka. Inganekwane ye-runestone yase-Kensington iphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka - nakuba incane - yamaViking athathe uhambo oluyi-4,000 km ukuya eMinnesota. Ukutholakala kwezinto zobuciko zamaViking eNew England kusho ukuthi kukhona amaNorse lapho.
Uma sicabanga ukuthi lokhu kunembile, kuyathakazelisa ukuzindla ukuthi laba bahloli bamazwe bamaViking baluthathe kanjani uhambo lwamakhilomitha angu-1,850 besuka endaweni esenyakatho yeNewfoundland baya ogwini olusempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Omunye umbuzo odidayo uzungeza ukuba khona kohlamvu lwemali lwaseNorway lwekhulu leshumi eNew England - i-Maine Penny.
I-Maine Penny: uhlamvu lwemali lweViking eMelika?
I-Maine Penny, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Viking coin, ingenye yezimfihlakalo ezididayo zomlando waseMelika. Ingabe iyiqiniso noma iwumgunyathi ohlakaniphile? Uma iyiqiniso, yayithola kanjani indlela eya eMaine? Ake sijule ukuze sembule iqiniso.
Kuyiqiniso eliqinisekisiwe ukuthi abantu baseYurophu bokuqala ukubeka unyawo emhlabathini waseNyakatho Melika benza lokho cishe ngo-1000 AD eNewfoundland yanamuhla naseLabrador eCanada. Leli qembu lamaViking lime lapha cishe unyaka ukuze lilinde ubusika futhi liqongelele izingodo nezinye izinsiza. Uhambo lwabo lwaba lufushane, futhi kuncane okwaziwayo ngemisebenzi yabo eNyakatho Melika ngaphandle kokusinda.
Ngo-1957, umvubukuli oyimfundamakhwela ogama lakhe linguGuy Mellgren wathi uthole uhlamvu lwemali lwamaNorse, okukholakala ukuthi luhlehlela emuva ku-1060 noma 1085, endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Goddard Site, indawo yokuvubukula yamaMelika Omdabu eNaskeag Point ePenobscot Bay eBrooklin, eMaine. .
Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali lwavela ohambweni lokuqala lwamaViking lwango-1000 AD noma lwadluliselwa elinye iqembu lamaViking elafika kamuva kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, kusewukuphela kwesibonelo semali yaseNorse etholwe eNyakatho Melika.
Ngokungafani ne-Kensington Runestone, embozwe ukungaqondakali, ubuqiniso be-Maine Penny abungabazi. I-Norwegian numismatist - noma uchwepheshe wezinhlamvu zemali - u-Kolbjørn Skaare, indoda enemininingwane engenakuphikiswa, imemezele ukuthi iyiqiniso. Uphethe ngokuthi yakhiwe endaweni ethile phakathi kuka-1065 no-1080 futhi yayisetshenziswa ngekhulu leshumi nambili neleshumi nantathu.
Iminyaka esebenzayo ye-Goddard Site - 1180 kuya ku-1235 - isiphakathi naleso sikhathi sokusakazwa. Nakuba, kuze kube manje, azikho ezinye izinto zobuciko zamaViking noma zamaNorse eziye zatholakala lapho ukuze zisekele umsuka wohlamvu lwemali lwamaViking.
Namuhla, enye yezinhlamvu zemali ezidume kakhulu zaseMelika, i-Maine Penny ihlezi eMaine State Museum enhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe, u-Augusta. Ngakho-ke siyazi ukuthi iyini i-Maine Penny kodwa sihlala sisebumnyameni ngokuthi igcine kanjani eNew England.
Isiphetho
Impicabadala yohlamvu lwemali lweViking noma i-Maine Penny ibambe indawo ebalulekile ekwembuleni umlando wokuhlolwa kwamaViking eNyakatho Melika. Nakuba imibuzo eminingana ingaphenduliwe, kuyathakazelisa ukuhlola esikhathini esedlule bese udalula izingcezu zomlando eziqhubeka nokudida nokusihlaba umxhwele kuze kube namuhla.
