URolf Fabricius Warming ovela eMnyangweni Wemivubukulo Nezifundo Zakudala eStockholm University eSweden kanye nomqondisi ongumsunguli weNhlangano Yezokulwa Nemivubukulo uphonsela inselelo incazelo yangaphambilini yezihlangu zemikhosi ezitholakala endundumeni yokungcwaba yomkhumbi omude weViking Age. Ucwaningo lwakhe lushicilelwe kujenali Izikhali Nezikhali.
Cishe eminyakeni eyi-1,100 edlule, e-Gokstad eVestfold, eNorway, indoda ebalulekile yamaViking yabekwa endaweni yokuphumula esikebheni esingamafidi angu-78 ubude. Umkhumbi wakwa-Gokstad wangcwatshwa kanye nezinto ezimbalwa zikanokusho, okuhlanganisa nezindwangu ezifekethiswe ngegolide, isihlibhi, isihlalo, amahhashi angu-12, izinja eziyisishiyagalombili, amaphigogo amabili, imibhede eyisithupha namahawu angurawondi angama-64 kanye nezikebhe ezintathu ezincane emphemeni.
Umkhumbi kanye nempahla yethuna kwahlala kungaphazamiseki ngaphansi kwendunduma yomhlaba kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala ngo-1880. Ukufudumala kuphawula ukuthi nakuba umkhumbi obude nezinto eziningi zobuciko manje zisemnyuziyamu eNorway, ezinye zezimpahla zamathuna azizange zihlolwe ngokuphelele. kusukela ekutholakaleni kwabo kokuqala.
Lokhu kuvame ukuba njalo ngezingcezu zemnyuziyamu, ezikhonjiswa isikhathi eside ngemuva kwengilazi enoqwembe oluncane lombhalo oluchaza i-artifact ngamagama athile, futhi kungaba inselele ukuphikisana namandla okwethulwa. Ngokuvamile, ama-artifacts noma izinsalela zamathambo zitholwa kabusha ezindaweni ezingaphansi zemnyuziyamu noma zenyuvesi, umzamo wokugcina wokuhlonza izinto ezisebhokisini amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokutholwa kokuqala kuvame ukuza nokutholwa okusekelwe emashumini eminyaka olwazi olusha. Njengoba ukutholwa komkhumbi wakwa-Gokstad kwakungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-140 edlule, ukubukeka okusha kwase kudlulelwe yisikhathi.
Ngemva kokucwaninga ukukhiqizwa kwezihlangu ze-Viking Age eDenmark, ukufudumala kugxile ngokukhethekile ezihlangu eziyindilinga ezingama-64 ukuhlolwa kwasekuqaleni okucatshangelwe ukuthi zakhelwe umcimbi wokungcwaba. Ukufudumala kuphenye amabhodi ezihlangu zokhuni ahlukene aqukethwe emabhokisini angama-50 eViking Ship Museum e-Oslo. Izihlangu ezine zazike zalungiswa kabusha eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, zaqiniswa ngamafreyimu ensimbi esimanje futhi zakhiwa ngamabhodi okuqala, nakuba ngokusho kukaWarming, hhayi amabhodi ehawu elilodwa kodwa njengamapulangwe okwakhiwa kabusha komnyuziyamu wobuhle.
Umbiko wokuqala womvubukuli waseNorway uNicolay Nicolaysen ngo-1882 uthi amahawu angu-32 atholakala elenga ohlangothini ngalunye lomkhumbi. Apendwe ngombala ophuzi noma omnyama futhi abekwe ngemibala eshintshanayo ukuze unqenqema lwehawu ngalinye luthinte ubasi (ucezu oluyindilinga lokuxhuma lwensimbi phakathi nendawo yezihlangu) lwelandelayo, lunikeze imigqa yezihlangu ukubonakala okuphuzi futhi. isigamu-izinyanga ezimnyama. Amahawu ayengaphelele, futhi kwatholakala izingcezu ezincane kuphela zamabhodi ezihlangu endaweni yazo yasekuqaleni.
Ngokocwaningo lwamanje, umbiko wokuqala ushiye ngaphandle imininingwane ebucayi. Abaphathi beShield namabhodi, ngenkathi kukhulunywa nguNicolaysen, awazange abalwe embikweni futhi izimibalabala ezichazwe azisabonakali noma azibonakali kuma-artifacts.
Izihlangu zitholwe zinezimbobo ezincane ezizungeze isiyingi, umbiko wangempela ocabange ukuthi zasetshenziselwa ukubopha iromu lensimbi elaligqwalile ngaphambi kokutholwa. Ukufudumala kuvuselela lokhu kuhumusha ngendikimba ecebile kakhulu yezincwadi ezitholakala kumahawu ayindilinga kunangesikhathi sokumba.
Amarimu ensimbi okucatshangelwa ukuthi awatholakali awakatholwa kwezinye izihlangu ze-Viking Age, kodwa cishe kwakuyizindawo zokunamathisela zekhava eluhlaza njengesikhumba njengoba atholakala kokutholwe kwesihlangu eDenmark, eSweden naseLatvia. Amabhodi amaningana anamapheshana ezinto eziphilayo ezingaziwa angase anikeze ukucaciseleka okuthile ophenyweni oluzayo.
Ukuba khona kwezikhumba zezilwane ezihlangwini kungabonisa izakhiwo ezisebenzayo ezizosetshenziswa empini. Ukufudumala kuphinde kubonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi leli phepha lesikhumba lalipendiwe, okungase kuchaze ukuthi kungani i-pigment ingazange ibonwe ezingxenyeni zebhodi njengoba isembozo esincanyana sezinto eziphilayo kungenzeka singasindi.
Isibambo sehawu lensimbi, esimbozwe ngeshidi lengxubevange yethusi elihlobisa elincanyana kakhulu, eligotshwe umgogodla wensimbi, ama-masking rivets afihlwe ngaphansi aphakathi kwezinto zobuciko. Ukwengeza, ezinye izingcezu zesihlangu nazo zinezimbobo ezincane nhlangothi zombili zemifantu emabhodini, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka zilungisiwe. Zombili izici ezingahambisani nokwakhiwa komkhosi.
Wonke amahawu agcina esetshenziswa enkambisweni yokungcwaba umuntu obalulekile ongcwatshwe phakathi komkhumbi, kodwa ukwakhiwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwangaphambili kwezihlangu ngokusho kokufudumala akuqondile njengoba kubikiwe ekuqaleni.
I-Archeology ngokuvamile inomlando omuhle wokubhala kabusha umlando kanye nokwenyusa imibono yangaphambilini yesikhathi esidlule. Njengoba ukufudumala kubonisa ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe, lokhu kungasetshenziswa nasemizamweni yokuvubukula edlule. Empeleni, imibiko yemivubukulo ingaba nezinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Njengoba ulwazi olusha lutholwa kanye namasu okuhlaziya etholakala kukhona izinto ezitholwe ezingachazeki ezilindele imibuzo enokuqonda okwengeziwe ngezinto zobuciko ezihlezi ngesineke eceleni kwezingqwembe ezingalungile noma ezingaphelele kumamnyuziyamu emhlabeni jikelele.
I-athikili eyashicilelwa ekuqaleni kujenali Izikhali Nezikhali, Mashi 24, 2023.
