Inkathi yamaViking yayiyinkathi yokukhula ngokushesha - ngezindlela eziningi. Izinhlelo zemifula kanye nogu zahlolisiswa, kwasungulwa uhwebo nezimakethe, kwamiswa amadolobha futhi kwasungulwa nesimiso se-feudal.
Nokho, abantu abaningi bayamangala lapho bethola ukuthi amaViking ayeyizingcweti zezandla ezasungula izinto eziningi esizisebenzisayo namuhla. Ingabe nabo benza izibonakude? Mhlawumbe akunjalo kodwa bangase bazenzele eyabo inguqulo yesibonakude ngesimo se "Ama-Viking lens" okudingidwayo njengamanje mayelana nokuthi bafaneleka yini njengengxenye eyinhloko yesibonakude noma cha. Ngakho ayini ngempela ama-lens amaViking?
AmaViking kungenzeka ukuthi asebenzisa isibonakude amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba abenzi bezibuko baseDashi okuthiwa basungule le divayisi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16.
Lokhu okungenzeka okumangalisayo kwaqala kwavela ocwaningweni lwamalensi ayinkimbinkimbi abonwa endaweni yamaViking esiqhingini saseGotland oLwandle iBaltic ngo-2000.
"Kubonakala sengathi umklamo we-lens oyi-elliptical wasungulwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi esasicabanga ngakho futhi ulwazi lwalahleka," Ngokusho komcwaningi ophambili, uDkt Olaf Schmidt, wase-Aalen University eJalimane.
“Ingaphezulu lamanye amalensi anomumo ocishe ube yi-elliptical ophelele,” Kusho uDkt Schmidt. "Kusobala ukuthi zenzelwe i-lathe ephendukayo."
Ongasekho uDkt Karl-Heinz Wilms wezwa okokuqala ngelensi ebizwa ngokuthi “Visby” ngo-1990 ngesikhathi efuna imibukiso yesigcinamagugu saseMunich. Yaqanjwa ngegama ledolobha elikhulu laseGotland. UDkt Wilms uthole isithombe selensi encwadini futhi wahlela ukuhlola eyangempela.
Kodwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1997 lapho ithimba lososayensi abathathu laya e-Gotland ukuyobheka ngokucophelela ukuthi yini ngempela amalensi ayi-10 akhiyelwe egunjini lokugcina lemnyuziyamu yendawo.
Nokho, kubonakala kusobala ukuthi amaViking awawenzanga amalensi ngokwawo. “Kunamacebo okuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-lens akhiqizwa (embusweni wasendulo) waseByzantium noma esifundeni saseMpumalanga Yurophu,” Kusho uDkt Schmidt.
Amanye amalensi angabonwa eGotland's Fornsal, imnyuziyamu yomlando eVisby. Ezinye ziseSweden National Museum eStockholm. Abanye balahlekile.
AmaViking ayengamatilosi amakhulu namatilosi, kodwa kungani kusetshenziswa i-lens? AmaViking aziwa ngokuthi abonisa isithakazelo esijulile ezinkanyezini nasezinkanyezini. AmaViking aze afinyelela ezingeni lokuzenzela amashadi ezinkanyezi.
Ezinye izimo zezilwane ze-theriomorphic zatholakala kuma-artifacts enkathi yamaViking, okungenzeka amele imilaza. AmaViking ayenesizathu esihle kakhulu sokudweba izimo ezixakile kulezi zinto zobuciko: ingabe kwakuwukuxhumana nezidalwa zangaphandle?
Ngesikhathi seViking, kwakunezinhlobo ezimbili zezibonakude ezazisetshenziswa: i-sextant (ithuluzi lokubala i-latitude) kanye ne-armillary sphere (imbulunga yasezulwini). Lesi sakamuva cishe yisona esidonse ukunaka kwamaViking.
I-armillary sphere kwakuyithuluzi elibanjwe ezingalweni, ukuze umuntu akwazi ukulisebenzisa ukuze abone izinkanyezi. Le divayisi yahlala isetshenziswa kwaze kwaba yiNkathi Yenguquko yokuqala futhi yayisetshenziswa amasiko amaningi asendulo, kuhlanganise namaViking.
Kuphakanyiswe ukuthi amaViking asungula isibonakude esingajwayelekile phakathi nekhulu lesi-9 noma le-10, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo isithakazelo sawo ezinkanyezini saqoshwa okokuqala. Nokho, ubufakazi obudala kunabo bonke bamaViking asebenzisa isayensi yezinkanyezi ekuzulazuleni buvela ku-889, lapho kwadwetshwa ibalazwe eScandinavia elalisekelwe olwazini lwesayensi lwangaleso sikhathi.
AmaViking ayenolwazi oluningi ngezilwane zasolwandle kanye nezasolwandle, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi aqhamuke nombono wokusebenzisa i-sextant eguquliwe ukuze abone ukuthi ayesesondele yini noma cha eduze nogu lolwandle oluyimfihlakalo. AmaViking awazange adinge nokulinda.
Ekugcineni, umbuzo wokuthi amaViking awenza yini isibonakude esiyinkimbinkimbi usalokhu ungenye yezimfumbe zomlando okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu phakathi kosomlando nabashisekeli. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi obucacile bokuthi amaViking ayenomshini onjalo, kunezinkolelo-mbono eziningi nezingcezu zobufakazi ezibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi babenokufinyelela kulobu buchwepheshe.
Ithiyori yokuqala ivela eqinisweni lokuthi amaViking ayengamatilosi nabahloli bamazwe abahle kakhulu. Babekwazi ukuwela izilwandle futhi badabule emanzini amabi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi babenezinga lobuchwepheshe eliyinkimbinkimbi elalibavumela ukuba bakhe imikhumbi eqinile nemishini yokuhamba.
Obunye ubufakazi ubukhona be-sagas yase-Iceland. Lezi zindaba zikhuluma ngohambo lwamaViking nezigigaba, futhi ezinye zazo zikhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kwezibonakude. Uma lezi sagas kufanele zikholwe, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi amaViking abenokufinyelela kulobu buchwepheshe.
Nokho, ubufakazi obuqinisekisa kakhulu ukuthi amaViking akwazile ukufika eNyakatho Melika. Lokhu kwakuyisenzo esasingenzeka kuphela ngosizo lwesibonakude. Ukuze athathe uhambo olude kangako, amaViking kwakuyodingeka akwazi ukubona izwe ekude.
Nakuba bungekho ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi amaViking ayenesibonakude, ubufakazi obukhona bubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka. AmaViking ayengabantu abayinkimbinkimbi ababekwazi ukufinyelela ubuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ukube bebenaso isibonakude, bekuyoba ithuluzi elibalulekile ebelingabasiza ekuhloleni kwabo umhlaba.
