Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane entsha yeminyaka, uhlelo lwezakhi zofuzo lwesintu luyacaciswa; kodwa imisebenzi kanye nemvelaphi yezakhi zofuzo eziningi akwaziwa. Abangabazayo besaba ososayensi abangathembekile abangase benze “izingane ezimangalisayo” ezingase zi-odwe kukhathalogi. Kodwa izazi zezakhi zofuzo ziyaqiniseka ukuthi ulwazi lwanele ukuze kube nenguquko emlandweni wezokwelapha. Ezikhathini zasendulo abantu babehlobanisa inguquko yokuphila “nomuthi wokuphila.”
Kodwa uyini “umuthi wokuphila”? Emibhalweni eminingi yamasiko asendulo, kubhalwe onkulunkulu abake badala amadoda nezinye izidalwa. Bangobani labo labo nkulunkulu bokudala? Ngabe izindaba zezidalwa ezinhle, izidalwa eziphila emanzini kanye nezidalwa zasenganekwaneni zisuselwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela noma ingabe kumane kuyimiphumela yamaphupho?
I-Genetic Disc: Ulwazi olujulile lwezinto eziphilayo ezikhathini zasendulo?
Idiski elidala elenziwe nge-disk elatholakala eNingizimu Melika lingenye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezididayo zemivubukulo. Umbhalo oyingqayizivele wenziwe ngamatshe amnyama futhi ulinganisa cishe amasentimitha angama-22 ububanzi. Inesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu ama-2. Kudiski kunemifanekiso eqoshiwe echaza ulwazi olumangazayo lokhokho bethu. Into ihlolwe eMuseum of Natural History, eVienna, e-Austria. Kwakungenziwa ngezinto zokwenziwa ezifana nosimende kepha kwenziwa nge-lydite, idwala lasolwandle elakhiwe olwandle olujulile. Lo mshini watholakala endaweni yaseColombia, futhi wabizwa nge-genetic disc.
Idiski, elaziwa nge "Genetic Disc", lalibhalwe esikhathini sangaphambi komlando, ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi idiski yenziwe cishe iminyaka engama-6000, futhi yanikezwa isiko le-Muisca. UDkt Vera MF Hammer, uchwepheshe wamatshe ayigugu namaminerali, uhlaziye into eyindida. Izimpawu ezikule disk zihlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Zombili izinhlangothi zediski zimbozwe emifanekisweni yokukhula kwe-intrauterine fetus kuzo zonke izigaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane eminingi ngezakhi zofuzo zomuntu iboshwe ngaphandle kwediski, Okumangazayo ukuthi lolu lwazi belungabonwa ngamehlo kodwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu noma enye insimbi ebonakalayo esezingeni eliphezulu. Izinga lamanje lolwazi lwesintu alilivumeli lelo thuba, elenza i-aura ethile yemfihlakalo yokuthi iluthola kanjani ulwazi ngesiko ebelingenabo ubuchwepheshe bokuthola lolo lwazi.
Ngakho-ke, lolu lwazi lwalungaziwa kanjani eminyakeni eyi-6,000 edlule? Futhi yiluphi olunye ulwazi ebelungenziwa yimpucuko engacacile eyenza i-disc?
Imidwebo ekhomba kwenye ingxenye yomlando wesintu
Uprofesa waseColombia, uJeime Gutierrez Lega, ubelokhu eqoqa izinto zasendulo ezingachazeki iminyaka. Iningi lezinto ezivela eqoqweni lakhe zitholakele ekuhloleni isifunda esingafinyeleleki kalula saseSutatausa, esifundazweni saseCundinamarca. Bangamatshe anemifanekiso yabantu nezilwane nezimpawu ezididayo nemibhalo eqoshiwe ngolimi olungaziwa.
Imibukiso eyinhloko yeqoqo likaprofesa yi-Genetic (nayo embryonic) disc, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezenziwe ngama-lydites - itshe, elembiwa okokuqala eLydia, izwe lasendulo engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeMalaysia. Itshe liyafana ne-granite endabeni yobulukhuni, kepha futhi lisebenza ngesakhiwo esigqinsiwe kanye nobulukhuni, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukusebenza ngaso.
Itshe laziwa nangokuthi i-darlingite, i-radiolarite, ne-basanite, futhi linombala ogqamile. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ibisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamatshe ayigugu namatshe amakhemikhali. Kepha ukusika okuthile kuwo bekungeke kwenzeke kusetshenziswa amathuluzi anabantu eminyakeni engama-6,000 eyedlule.
Inkinga ivela esakhiweni sayo esigqinsiwe, ngoba izophuka ngokuzenzakalela lapho ihlangana nezinsimbi. Futhi, i-disc yezakhi zofuzo yenziwa ngaleli mineral, futhi imidwebo ekuyo icishe ifane nokuphrinta kunokuqoshwa. Kubukeka sengathi ngesikhathi kutholwa amaminerali, kwasetshenziswa inqubo esingayazi thina. Imfihlo yayo isalokhu iyimfihlakalo kuze kube namuhla.
Imigudu engaphansi komhlaba etholakala kuwo wonke amahlathi
Enye imfihlakalo yindawo lapho kwatholakala khona itshe. USolwazi Lega wayithola isakhamuzi sendawo, esathi wathola le disc yedwala elinemibhalo ethile endaweni ezungeze idolobha laseSutatausa. Kodwa-ke, abanye abacwaningi (ngokwesibonelo umbhali wethiyori yasendulo ye-Astronauts, u-Erich von Däniken) bakholelwa ukuthi i-disc ingaqhamuka eqoqweni elingajwayelekile likaFather Carlos Crespi - isithunywa sevangeli esasisebenza e-Ecuador maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ubaba uCrespi wathenga izinto zasendulo ezakhamuzini zendawo, abazithola emasimini noma emahlathini - ezintweni zobumba ze-Incas kuya kumathebulethi amatshe.
Umpristi akazange ahlukanise iqoqo lakhe, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi kwakukhona izinto ezazingahambisani nelinye lamasiko asendulo aziwayo aseNingizimu Melika. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi kwakuyizinto ezenziwe ngezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene, kepha kwakukhona nemibuthano yamatshe namaphilisi ambozwe imibhalo nemidwebo.
Ngemuva kokushona kompristi ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezivela eqoqweni lakhe zanikwa iVatican, ezinye zalahlwa nje. Ngokusho kukaCrespi uqobo, izakhamizi zendawo zathola amaphilisi avalwe ngemidwebo budebuduze nedolobha lase-Ecuador laseCuenca - emihubheni engaphansi komhlaba nasemakamelweni atholakala kuwo wonke amahlathi. Umpristi uphinde wathi kunohlelo lwakudala lwemigudu engaphansi komhlaba, engamakhilomitha angama-200 ubude, ukusuka eCuenca kuya emahlathini. Ngabe i-genetic disc ngandlela thile ibingahlotshaniswa yini nabantu abakha lezi zakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba?
Imifanekiso emangalisayo kumbuthano wamatshe
Izithombe ezikudiski nazo zingumthombo wemibuzo eminingi. Yonke inqubo yokuqala kwempilo yomuntu ikhonjiswa ekuzungezeni kwezinhlangothi zombili ngokunemba okumangazayo - inhloso yezitho zokuzala zabesilisa nabesifazane, umzuzu wokukhulelwa, ukukhula kombungu ngaphakathi kwesizalo nokuzalwa kwengane.
Engxenyeni engakwesobunxele yediski (uma kufanele sicabange umbuthano njengokudayela kuwashi - indawo eyi-11 ehoreni) umdwebo ocacile wesidoda ongenawo ama-spermatozoids futhi eduze kwaso - owodwa one-spermatozoids (umbhali mhlawumbe befuna ukufanekisa ukuzalwa kwembewu yesilisa).
Kwirekhodi - ama-spermatozoid awatholakalanga kwaze kwaba ngu-1677 ngu-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek nomfundi wakhe. Njengoba kwaziwa, lo mcimbi wandulelwa ukwakhiwa kwesibonakhulu. Kepha imifanekiso ekwidiski ifakazela ukuthi kwakukhona lolo lwazi ezikhathini zasendulo.
Futhi lapho kushaya ihora le-1, kungabonakala ama-spermatozoid amaningi akhiwe ngokuphelele. Eduze kwalo umdwebo odidayo - ososayensi abakakafiki esiphethweni ngokuthi kusho ukuthini. Cishe endaweni yehora lesi-3 kunemifanekiso yendoda, owesifazane nengane.
Umbungu osezigabeni eziningana zokukhula, ogcina ukwakheka kwengane, uboniswa engxenyeni engenhla yohlangothi oluphambene nediski. Umdwebo ukhombisa ukuvela kwempilo ye-intrauterine. Futhi esifundeni sehora lesi-6, owesilisa nowesifazane bayakhonjiswa futhi. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi kunemifanekiso yezigaba eziyisisekelo zokukhula kombungu womuntu, futhi ingabonakala kalula.
Amazwi wokugcina
Kunemibuzo eminingi ethakazelisayo mayelana ne- "Genetic Disc" ngaphambi kokuba sifinyelele esiphethweni ngendwangu yasendulo. Okwamanje, akekho ongachaza ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenzisiwe ekukhiqizeni le nto nokuthi yiliphi iqiniso elibathonye ekwenzeni lokho. Kusuka kuzo zonke izifundo nokutholakele singacabanga nje ukuthi kungokwampucuko engaziwa futhi ethuthuke kakhulu yesikhathi esedlule. Kukholwe noma ungakukholwa!
