Inkathi yamaViking inkathi yomlando embozwe imfihlakalo nenganekwane, okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo ngakho kusekelwe ezintweni zobuciko eziye zatholwa eminyakeni edlule. Muva nje, ukuhlaziywa kwe-radar engena emhlabathini kwendunduma yokungcwaba eNorway kwembule okutholwe okumangalisayo: izinsalela zokungcwatshwa komkhumbi.
Abavubukuli bathola umkhumbi wamaViking omuhle kakhulu ongamamitha angu-20 ubude ngesikhathi kumbiwa ithuna iSalhushaugen eKarmøy eNtshonalanga Norway. Ekuqaleni, indunduma bekukholakala ukuthi ayinalutho, kodwa lokhu kutholakala okuyisisekelo kushintshe yonke into. Lokhu kutholwa okujabulisayo kunikeza ukukhanya okusha mayelana nokungcwatshwa kwamaViking nezinkolelo zabo emhlabeni wangemva kokufa.
Lesi siduli saphenywa okokuqala eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ngumvubukuli, u-Haakon Shetelig, nokho, ukuvubukulwa ngaleso sikhathi akuzange kubonise ubufakazi bokuthi umkhumbi wangcwatshwa endaweni. UShetelig wayekade embe ithuna elinothile lomkhumbi wamaViking eduze nje, lapho kwatholakala khona i-Grønhaugskipet, waphinde wamba nomkhumbi odumile wase-Oseberg - umkhumbi wamaViking omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi ogcinwe kahle kakhulu osaphila emhlabeni - ngo-1904. E-Salshaugen wathola amafosholo amapulangwe angu-15 kuphela futhi ezinye imicibisholo.
Ngokusho komvubukuli u-Håkon Reiersen wase-University of Stavanger's Museum of Archaeology, u-Haakon Shetelig uphoxeke kakhulu ngokuthi indunduma ibingakaphenywa ngokuqhubekayo. Nokho, kuvele ukuthi uShetelig akazange ajule ngokwanele.
Esikhathini esingangonyaka owandulele, ngoJuni ka-2022, abavubukuli banquma ukusesha indawo besebenzisa i-radar engena emhlabathini eyaziwa nangokuthi i-georadar - idivayisi esebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukuthola imephu engaphansi komhlaba. Futhi bheka futhi bheka - kwakukhona umdwebo womkhumbi wamaViking.
Abavubukuli bakhetha ukugcina lokho abakutholile kuyimfihlo kuze kube yilapho sebeqede ukumba nokuhlola kwabo futhi beqiniseka okwengeziwe ngalokho abakutholile. “Amasignali e-georadar akhombisa ngokusobala ukuma komkhumbi ongamamitha angu-20 ubude. Ibanzi impela futhi ikhumbuza umkhumbi wase-Oseberg,” kusho uReiersen.
Umkhumbi wase-Oseberg ukala cishe amamitha angama-22 ubude futhi ungaphezudlwana kwamamitha ama-5 ububanzi. Ukwengeza, izimpawu ezifana nomkhumbi zimi phakathi nendawo, lapho umkhumbi womngcwabo wawubekwe khona. Lokhu kuphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi lona, ngempela, umkhumbi wokungcwaba.
Lo mkhumbi ufana nomkhumbi wamaViking obizwa ngokuthi umkhumbi iStorhaug, owatholwa eKarmøy ngo-1886. Lokhu kutholwa kwakuhlotshaniswa nokunye okutholwe lapho kumbiwa.
“UShetelig wathola itshe elikhulu eliyindilinga eSalhushaugen, okungenzeka laliwuhlobo lwe-altare elalisetshenziselwa ukwenza imihlatshelo. I-slab efana ncamashi nayo yatholakala esidulini saseStorhaug, futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa umkhumbi omusha nomkhumbi iStorhaug ngesikhathi,” kusho uReiersen.
Ngenxa yalokhu okutholwe okumangalisayo, iKarmøy, osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-3000 isikhungo samandla ogwini lwaseNorway oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga, isikwazi ukuziqhenya ngokuba nemikhumbi emithathu yamaViking.
Umkhumbi we-Storhaug wangonyaka ka-770 AD - futhi wasetshenziselwa ukungcwaba umkhumbi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva. Umkhumbi waseGrønhaug wangonyaka ka-780 AD - futhi wangcwatshwa eminyakeni eyi-15 kamuva. Ukwengezwa kwakamuva kakhulu, umkhumbi we-Salhushaug usazoqinisekiswa futhi ube nosuku, kodwa abavubukuli bacabanga ukuthi nalo mkhumbi ungowasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-700s.
Abavubukuli bahlela ukwenza ukuvubukula kokuqinisekisa, ukuze bahlole izimo kanye nokuthola ukuphola okuqinisekile okwengeziwe. “Esikubonile kuze kube manje wukumila komkhumbi nje. Uma sivula, singathola ukuthi awukho umkhumbi omningi ogciniwe futhi okusele kumane kuwuphawu,” kusho uReiersen.
Esikhathini esidlule, kudala ngaphambi kokumbiwa kuka-Shetelig, indunduma yase-Salhushaug yayinomjikelezo ohlaba umxhwele ocishe ube ngamamitha angu-50 kanye nobude obuphakeme obungamamitha angu-5-6. Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yayo iye yancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithafa eliyinsalela lisekhona futhi libhekwa njengesici esiheha kakhulu lesi siduli. U-Reiersen unquma ukuthi leli thafa lisenama-artifacts angakatholwa.
NgokukaReiersen, ukuba khona kwamathuna amathathu emikhumbi yamaViking eKarmøy kusikisela ukuthi yayiyindawo yokuhlala amakhosi okuqala amaViking. Imingcwabo yase-Oseberg kanye ne-Gokstad, okuyizindawo zemikhumbi yamaViking ezaziwayo, yavubukulwa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule futhi yahlelwa cishe eminyakeni engama-834 kanye nengama-900, ngokulandelana.
U-Reiersen uveza ukuthi awukho omunye umbuthano wezindunduma zokungcwaba umkhumbi odlula ubukhulu balo mlaza othile. Le ndawo ethize yayiyisizinda esimaphakathi sentuthuko yenguquko ekuqaleni kweNkathi yamaViking. U-Reiersen ubeka ukuthi isiko lamathuna emikhumbi yaseScandinavia lasungulwa lapha, futhi ngemuva kwalokho landa nakwezinye izindawo zezwe.
Amakhosi esifunda ayebusa kule ndawo ayelawula ukuhamba kwemikhumbi ogwini olusentshonalanga. Imikhumbi yaphoqeleka ukuthi ihambe emzileni omncane we-Karmsund eduze nendawo eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Nordvegen - indlela eya enyakatho. Okuphinde kube umsuka wegama lezwe, iNorway.
Amakhosi angcwatshwa emikhunjini emithathu yamaViking yaseKarmøy ayeyiqembu elinamandla, engxenyeni yaseNorway lapho amandla ayemi khona izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Idolobhana lase-Avaldsnes eKarmøy laliyikhaya leNkosi yamaViking uHarald Fairhair, okutuswa ngokuhlanganisa iNorway cishe ngonyaka wama-900.
“Indunduma yaseStorhaug ukuphela kwethuna leViking Age elivela eNorway lapho sithole khona indandatho yegolide. Akuwona wonke umuntu owangcwatshwa lapha,” kusho uReiersen.
