Umlando Omfishane Womhlaba: I-Geological Time Scale – Eons, Eras, Perios, Epochs And Ages

Umhlaba ulinganiselwa ukuthi uneminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.54 (izigidi ezingu-4,540) ubudala, futhi umlando wawo ungahlukaniswa ube izikhathi ezihlukene zejiyoloji ngokusekelwe ezenzakalweni ezibalulekile ezifana nokushabalala okukhulu, ukwakheka kwamazwekazi, kanye nezinguquko zesimo sezulu. Lesi sigaba saziwa ngokuthi isikali sesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba, esihlinzeka ngohlaka lokuqonda okwedlule komhlaba nokubikezela ikusasa lawo.

Umlando omfushane Womhlaba: Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe - ama-eons, ama-eras, izikhathi, ama-epoch neminyaka engu-1 — Ukubuka konke kwesikali sesikhathi, esihlanganisa ama-eonothems, ama-erathems, izikhathi, nama-epoch. Wikimedia Commons

Okuqukethwe -

I. A. Eonothems noma ama-eons

II 1. I-Hadean Eon

I.II. 2. I-Archean Eon

I.II.I. 2.1. I-Eoarchean Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-4 kuye kwezingu-3.6 edlule

I.II.II. 2.2. I-Paleoarchean Era: Kusukela ku-3.6 kuya ku-3.2 billion eminyakeni edlule.

I.II.III. 2.3. I-Mesoarchean Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.2 kuya kwezingu-2.8 edlule

I.II.IV. 2.4. I-Neoarchean Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.8 kuye kwezingu-2.5 edlule

I.III. 3. I-Proterozoic Eon

I.III.I. 3.1. I-Paleoproterozoic Era: Kusukela ku-2.5 kuya ku-1.6 billion eminyakeni edlule

I.III.II. 3.2. I-Mesoproterozoic Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyi-1.6 kuye kweyi-1 billion edlule

I.III.III. 3.3. I-Neoproterozoic Era: Kusukela ku-1 billion kuya ku-538.8 million eminyakeni edlule

IIV 4. I-Phanerozoic Eon

I.IV.I. 4.1. I-Paleozoic Era

I.IV.II. 4.2. Isikhathi seMesozoic

I.IV.III. 4.3. I-Cenozoic Era

II. B. Izinkathi, izinkathi neminyaka

II. Izinkathi ze-Paleozoic Era

II.II Izinkathi ze-Mesozoic Era

II.III. Izinkathi ze-Cenozoic Era

II.IV. I-Pleistocene ne-Holocene Epochs

III. Amazwi wokugcina

A. Eonothems noma ama-eons

Umlando omfushane Womhlaba: Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe - ama-eons, ama-eras, izikhathi, ama-epoch neminyaka engu-2 — Umfanekiso wesikali somugqa wesikhathi we-Geologic. Uhlelo lomlando womhlaba olulebulwe nge-epoch, inkathi, inkathi, i-eon kanye nomdwebo wokuqothulwa kwenqwaba. iStock

Isigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke sesikali sesikhathi sokuma komhlaba yi-Eonothem, ephinde ihlukaniswe yaba ama-eon amane: 1) I-Hadean, 2) i-Archean, 3) i-Proterozoic, ne-4) i-Phanerozoic. Bese i-eon ngayinye ihlukaniswa ngama-era (erathem).

1. I-Hadean Eon

Umlando omfushane Womhlaba: Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe - ama-eons, ama-eras, izikhathi, ama-epoch neminyaka engu-3 — Kwesokunxele: Umfanekiso womdwebi weplanethi eqanjiwe i-Theia ishayisana ne-Early Earth. Kwesokudla: Umfanekiso womdwebi woMhlaba neNyanga phakathi/ekugcineni kwe-eon ye-Hadean. Wikimedia Commons

I-Hadean eon, eyaqala ekwakhiweni koMhlaba yaze yafinyelela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 edlule, ibhekwa "njengenkathi yobumnyama" ngenxa yokuntuleka kobufakazi obuningi be-geological kusukela kulesi sikhathi. Kukholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi se-Hadean eon, uMhlaba wawubhekene nokushayisana njalo nezinye izindikimba zasemkhathini, okubangela ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okwedlulele kanye nokwakheka kweNyanga.

2. I-Archean Eon

Umlando omfushane Womhlaba: Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe - ama-eons, ama-eras, izikhathi, ama-epoch neminyaka engu-4 — Isithombe seciko se-Archean landscape. Wikimedia Commons

I-Archean eon yalandela iHadean futhi yahlala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 kuya ku-2.5 billion edlule. Ngalesi sikhathi, uMhlaba wawusebenza ngokuma kwezwe, nokuqhuma okukhulu kwentaba-mlilo, ukwakheka kwamazwekazi okuqala, kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo zokuphila zasendulo. Amatshe amadala aziwayo, asukela eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezi-3.8 edlule, atholakala eNtshonalanga yeGreenland futhi aveza ukuba khona kwamagciwane alula abizwa ngokuthi ama-stromatolites, okwakuwubufakazi bokuqala bempilo eMhlabeni.

I-Archean Eon ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezine:

2.1. I-Eoarchean Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-4 kuye kwezingu-3.6 edlule

Ngalesi sikhathi, uMhlaba wawusesezigabeni zawo zokuqala zokubunjwa kanye nezenzakalo ezibalulekile ze-geological and biological zenzeka. I-Eoarchean ibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwamatshe amadala aziwayo emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa i-Acasta Gneiss eCanada kanye ne-Isua Greenstone Belt eGreenland. Lawa matshe ahlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ngezinqubo zakuqala ezabumba uqweqwe lomhlaba. I-Eoarchean iphinde yabona ukuvela kwezinhlobo zokuphila zakuqala, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi zazilula futhi zine-microbial ngokwemvelo. Sekukonke, i-Eoarchean imaka isikhathi esibucayi emlandweni woMhlaba njengoba ibeka isiteji sokuthuthukiswa kokuphila kanye nokwakheka kwezici ze-geological eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

2.2. I-Paleoarchean Era: Kusukela ku-3.6 kuya ku-3.2 billion eminyakeni edlule.

Ngalesi sikhathi, izingqimba zomhlaba zaseMhlabeni zazisezigabeni zokuqala zokubunjwa, futhi umkhathi wawuntula umoya-mpilo. Ukuphila Emhlabeni kwakunamagciwane alula nama-microorganisms. I-Paleoarchean ibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwamanye amatshe amadala namaminerali emhlabeni, kuhlanganise ne-Barberton Greenstone Belt eNingizimu Afrika. Lesi sikhathi sinikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwasekuqaleni kanye nokuvela kweplanethi yethu.

2.3. I-Mesoarchean Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.2 kuya kwezingu-2.8 edlule

Ngalesi sikhathi, uqweqwe loMhlaba lwalusaqhubeka kwakheka futhi lwenza umsebenzi obalulekile we-tectonic. Amazwekazi okuqala aqala ukuvela, futhi izinhlobo zokuphila zakudala, njengamabhaktheriya ne-archaea, zavela olwandle. Ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama, kanye nokuba khona kwentaba-mlilo kanye nokwakheka kwamanye amatshe amadala kakhulu eMhlabeni.

2.4. I-Neoarchean Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.8 kuye kwezingu-2.5 edlule

Ngalesi sikhathi, amazwekazi aqala ukuzinza, akha izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. I-Neoarchean iphinde yabona ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ukwengeza, umkhathi waqala ukuqukatha inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo, okuvula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic. Sekukonke, i-Neoarchean imaka inkathi ebalulekile emlandweni woMhlaba, ibeka inkundla yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ku-geology yeplanethi kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.

3. I-Proterozoic Eon

Kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla: Izehlakalo ezine eziyinhloko ze-Proterozoic: I-Great Oxidation Event kanye ne-Huronian glaciation eyalandela; Ama-eukaryote okuqala, njengolwelwe olubomvu; I-Snowball Earth ngesikhathi se-Cryogenian; I-Ediacaran biota — Kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla: Izehlakalo ezine eziyinhloko ze-Proterozoic: I-Great Oxidation Event kanye ne-Huronian glaciation eyalandela; Ama-eukaryote okuqala, njengolwelwe olubomvu; I-Snowball Earth enkathini ye-Cryogenian; I-Ediacaran biota. Wikimedia Commons

I-Proterozoic eon, eyathatha iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.5 kuya kwezingu-541 edlule, ibonakala ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinhlobo zokuphila, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ne-algae kanye nezinto eziphilayo zakuqala zamangqamuzana amaningi. Lesi sikhathi saphinde sabona ukwakheka kwama-supercontinent, njenge-Rodinia, nokuvela komoya-mpilo emkhathini ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ezikhiqiza umoya-mpilo we-photosynthetic.

I-Proterozoic Eon ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu:

3.1. I-Paleoproterozoic Era: Kusukela ku-2.5 kuya ku-1.6 billion eminyakeni edlule

Ngalesi sikhathi, uMhlaba waba nezinguquko ezibalulekile ze-geological and biological. I-supercontinent Columbia yaqala ukuhlukana, okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwamazwekazi amasha nezilwandle. Umkhathi waphinde waba nezinguquko ezinkulu, ngokuthuthukiswa kwendawo enomoya-mpilo enothile esekela izinhlobo zokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umlando wezinsalela zasendulo kusukela kulesi sikhathi unikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwasekuqaleni kwempilo, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic kanye nezinto eziphilayo zokuqala ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Sekukonke, i-Paleoproterozoic kwakuyinkathi ebucayi emlandweni woMhlaba, ibeka isiteji sokuhlukahluka kwempilo okwalandela ezinkathini ezilandelayo.

3.2. I-Mesoproterozoic Era: Kusukela eminyakeni eyi-1.6 kuye kweyi-1 billion edlule

Le nkathi ibonakala ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile ze-geological and biological, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-supercontinent abalulekile njenge-Columbia, amaqhwa abanzi, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo zakuqala ze-eukaryotic. Le nkathi ithathwa njengesikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni woMhlaba njengoba yabeka inkundla yokuthuthuka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kulezi zinkathi ezilandelayo.

3.3. I-Neoproterozoic Era: Kusukela ku-1 billion kuya ku-538.8 million eminyakeni edlule

Lokhu kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Hadean, i-Archean ne-Proterozoic, la ma-eon amathathu ngokuhlangene abizwa ngokuthi i-Precambrian Era. Lesi yisikhathi sokuqala neside kunazo zonke, kusukela ekwakhiweni koMhlaba eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 edlule kuze kufike ekuqaleni kwe-Paleozoic Era (ngamanye amazwi, kuze kube sekuqaleni kwe-Phanerozoic eon).

4. I-Phanerozoic Eon

Umlando omfushane Womhlaba: Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe - ama-eons, ama-eras, izikhathi, ama-epoch neminyaka engu-5 — I-Trilobites kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Phanerozoic Eon. Ama-Trilobites akha elinye lamaqembu okuqala aziwayo ama-arthropods. Wikimedia Commons

I-Phanerozoic Eon yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-541 edlule futhi isaqhubeka nanamuhla. Ihlukaniswe yaba izinkathi ezintathu: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, futhi Cenozoic.

4.1. I-Paleozoic Era

I-Paleozoic Era, eyathatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-541 kuya kwezingu-252 edlule, yaziwa ngokuhlukahluka okusheshayo kwezinhlobo zokuphila, kuhlanganise nokukhula kwezilwane zasolwandle, ukubuthwa komhlaba ngezitshalo, nokuvela kwezinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zakuqala. Kuhlanganisa futhi umcimbi odumile wokushabalala kwe-Permian-Triassic mass, owaqothula cishe amaphesenti angama-90 azo zonke izinhlobo zasolwandle kanye nama-70% ezilwane eziphila emhlabeni.

4.2. Isikhathi seMesozoic

I-Mesozoic Era, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-Age of Dinosaurs," yaqala kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-252 kuya kwezingu-66 edlule. Le nkathi yabona ukubusa kwama-dinosaurs emhlabeni, kanye nokuvela nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamanye amaqembu amaningi ezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, nezitshalo eziqhakazayo. I-Mesozoic iphinde ihlanganise esinye isenzakalo sokuqothulwa okukhulu, ukushabalala kwe-Cretaceous-Paleogene, okwaholela ekuqothulweni kwama-dinosaur angewona ama-avian kanye nokwanda kwezilwane ezincelisayo njengezilwane ezinomgogodla ezivelele zasemhlabeni.

4.3. I-Cenozoic Era

I-Cenozoic Era yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule futhi isaqhubeka nanamuhla. Iphawuleka ngokuhlukahluka kanye nokubusa kwezilwane ezincelisayo, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu njengezindlovu kanye nemikhomo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu nakho kufakiwe kule nkathi, nokuvela nokuthuthukiswa kweHomo sapiens okwenzeka cishe eminyakeni engu-300,000 edlule.

B. Izinkathi, izinkathi neminyaka

I-Phanerozoic Eon — Izilwane nezitshalo ezivela enkathini ngayinye kweziyishumi nambili zePhanerozoic. Kusukela phezulu kwesokunxele: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, nezinhlobo zeQuaternary. Wikimedia Commons

Ukuze kuqhutshekwe kuhlukaniswe isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe, iNkathi ngayinye ye-Phanerozoic ibe isihlukaniswa ngezigaba (amasistimu), aphinde ahlukaniswe ama-epoch (uchungechunge), bese kuba iminyaka (izigaba).

Izinkathi ze-Paleozoic Era

I-Paleozoic Era, eqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-541 edlule futhi ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-252 edlule, ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Iminyaka Yezilwane Ezingenayo Umgogodla" futhi iqukethe lezi zikhathi ezilandelayo:

Isikhathi se-Cambrian: Eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Cambrian Explosion," eyabona ukuhlukahluka okusheshayo kwezinhlobo zokuphila, kuhlanganise nokuvela kokuqala kwezilwane eziningi zezilwane.
Isikhathi se-Ordovician: Iphawuleka ngokwanda kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle kanye nekoloni lokuqala lezitshalo.
Isikhathi seSilurian: Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuphila kwaqhubeka nokuguquguquka, lapho kuvela izinhlanzi zokuqala ezinemihlathi.
Isikhathi se-Devonian: Ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "Inkathi Yezinhlanzi," le nkathi ifakazela ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanzi kanye nokuvela kwe-tetrapods yokuqala.
Isikhathi seCarboniferous: Okuphawuleka ngokuthuthukiswa kwamaxhaphozi amakhulu kanye nokwakheka okulandelayo kwamalahle.
Isikhathi se-Permian: Lesi sikhathi siphetha i-Paleozoic Era futhi sibonakala ngokuvela kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nokuvela kokuqala kwezilwane ezincelisayo.

Izinkathi ze-Mesozoic Era

I-Mesozoic Era, esukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-252 edlule kuya eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi “Inkathi Yezilwane Ezihuquzelayo,” inezikhathi ezilandelayo:

Isikhathi se-Triassic: Impilo yalulama kancane ekuqothulweni okukhulu ekupheleni kwePermian, ngokuvela kwama-dinosaurs okuqala kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindizayo.
Isikhathi seJurassic: Lesi sikhathi sidume ngokubusa kwama-dinosaurs, kuhlanganise nezilwane zasemhlabeni ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaphila.
Isikhathi se-Cretaceous: Isikhathi sokugcina nesokugcina seNkathi ye-Mesozoic siphawulwa ukuvela kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo, ukuhlukahluka kwama-dinosaurs, kanye nesenzakalo sokuqothulwa ekugcineni esiqothule ama-dinosaurs angewona awezinyoni.

Izinkathi ze-Cenozoic Era

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lena inkathi yamanje, esukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule kuze kube namuhla, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi “Inkathi Yezilwane Ezincelisayo.” Ihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezilandelayo:

Isikhathi se-Paleogene: Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa i-Paleocene, i-Eocene, ne-Oligocene epochs, lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zahlukahluka futhi zashintsha zaba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene.
Isikhathi se-Neogene: Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa ama-Miocene kanye ne-Pliocene epoch futhi iphawulwa ukwanda kwezilwane ezincelisayo zesimanje kanye nokuvela kwama-hominids okuqala.
Isikhathi se-Quaternary: Inkathi yamanje, ehlanganisa i-Pleistocene epoch, ebonakala yinkathi yeqhwa kanye nokuvela kwe-Homo sapiens, kanye nenkathi yeHolocene eqhubekayo, lapho impucuko yabantu yathuthuka.

Inkathi ngayinye ngaphansi kwenkathi engaphakathi kwe-Phanerozoic Eon iphinde ihlukaniswe yaba amayunithi esikhathi amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-epoch. Isibonelo, ngaphakathi kwe-Cenozoic Era, ama-epochs afaka phakathi I-Paleocene, I-Eocene, I-Oligocene, I-Miocene, I-Pliocene, Pleistocene, Futhi IHolocene. Ngakho-ke, inkathi yeQuaternary, okungeyeNkathi ye-Cenozoic (kanye ne-Phanerozoic Eon), yakhiwe izinkathi ezimbili: i-Pleistocene kanye neHolocene.

I-Pleistocene ne-Holocene Epochs

I-Pleistocene Epoch kanye ne-Holocene Epoch izinkathi ezimbili ezilandelanayo emlandweni womhlaba.

I-Pleistocene Epoch yathatha cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.6 edlule kuya cishe eminyakeni eyi-11,700 edlule. Ibonakala ngezinguzunga zeqhwa eziphindaphindiwe, lapho izindawo ezinkulu zezwe zazimbozwe amaqhwa nezinguzunga zeqhwa. Lezi zinguzunga zeqhwa zabangela ukuba amazinga olwandle ehle kakhulu futhi adala izinguquko esimweni sezulu, okuholele ekushabalaleni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvela kwezintsha. Ama-megafauna aphawulekayo, afana nama-mammoth namakati anamazinyo e-saber, azulazula Emhlabeni ngalesi sikhathi. I-Pleistocene Epoch yaziwa nangokuthi i-Ice Age, njengoba imakwe ngezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lomhlaba elibandayo uma liqhathaniswa nosuku lwamanje.

I-Holocene Epoch yaqala ngemva kwesikhathi sokugcina seqhwa, iphawula ukushintshela esimweni sezulu esifudumele, esizinzile. Yaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-11,700 XNUMX edlule futhi isaqhubeka nanamuhla. IHolocene ibonakala ngokuhlehla kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle, kanye nokusungulwa kwemvelo yesimanje. Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa ukukhula kwempucuko yabantu, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kanye nokufika komlando obhaliwe.

Sekukonke, i-Pleistocene Epoch kwaba isikhathi sezinguquko ezibalulekile zemvelo kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane, kuyilapho i-Holocene Epoch imelela inkathi ezinzile ngokubusa kwe-Homo sapiens kanye nezinguquko ezibangelwa abantu emvelweni.

I-Pleistocene Epoch iphinde ihlukaniswe yaba Isi-Gelasian, IsiCalabrian, Chibanian futhi I-Tarantian/Late Pleistocene Iminyaka. Ngenkathi i-Holocene Epoch ihlukaniswe yaba IsiGreenlandian, I-Northgrippian futhi I-Meghalayan (inkathi yamanje) Iminyaka.

Umlando omfushane Womhlaba: Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe - ama-eons, ama-eras, izikhathi, ama-epoch neminyaka engu-6 — Isilinganiso sesikhathi se-geological. Wikimedia Commons

Kuyafaneleka ukubalula ukuthi i-Phanerozoic Eon ngokuphawulekayo ingxenye yesikhathi efundwa kakhulu emlandweni woMhlaba kwezesayensi, okwenza i-Paleozoic, Mesozoic kanye ne-Cenozoic izinkathi ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke.

Amazwi wokugcina

Isikali sesikhathi sokuma kwezwe sicwengisiswa njalo futhi sibuyekezwa njengoba kutholwa ubufakazi obusha futhi kufundwa. Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokunemba ngokunembile amatshe nezinsalela zamathambo kube nomthelela ekuqondeni kwethu umlando womhlaba. Ngokutadisha isikali sesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba, ososayensi bangathola ulwazi olukhulu lwezinqubo nezenzakalo ezilolonge iplanethi yethu futhi benze izibikezelo ngekusasa layo.

Qaphela: Ukuze sigcine i-athikili ilula, imfushane futhi iqondakala asizange sibhale mayelana nengxenye ngayinye yesilinganiso sesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngemigqa yesikhathi ye-geological, funda lokhu Ikhasi le-Wikipedia.