Iqembu lososayensi abavela e-Senckenberg Research Institute e-Frankfurt, eJalimane, laqala eminyakeni eminingana edlule ukubeka ubuso bomuntu ezinhlobonhlobo ze-archaic hominid ezazizulazula eMhlabeni phambilini. Besebenzisa amasu athuthukile okucwaninga, bakhiqize amakhanda angamamodeli angama-27 asekelwe ezicucu zamathambo, amazinyo, nogebhezi olutholwe emhlabeni wonke phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Izingebhezi eziqoshwe ngokuyinkimbinkimbi ziwumphumela wocwaningo lweminyaka yonke e-Afrika, e-Asia, naseYurophu.
Okungenani ishumi nambili lezinhlobo zezilwane ezinjengomuntu ezikhona emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-8 edlule. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuso, okuyingxenye yombukiso we-Safari zum Urmenschen (“Safari of Early Humans”), kusithatha ohambweni phakathi nesikhathi, kwaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisikhombisa edlule ngezinhlobo zezilwane. I-Sahelanthropus tchadensis futhi iphetha ngezinsuku zanamuhla I-Homo sapiens.
Ubuso ngabunye buxoxa indaba yabo mayelana nempilo yezilwane ezingabantu ngesikhathi sazo, okuhlanganisa nendawo ezihlala kuzo, ukuthi zidleni, kanye nembangela yazo yokufa. Ubuso ngabunye bunikeza inganekwane yabo mayelana nempilo yama-hominids ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa lapho ayehlala khona, ukuthi adleni, nokuthi afa kanjani. Lapho ivulwa ekuqaleni, umbukiso wasusa inkulumompikiswano eshubile, ngenxa yokungavumelani kwezazi okwathatha amashumi eminyaka mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwalezi zinhlobo zasendulo.
Izinsalela ziyaziwa ukuthi kunzima ukuhlukanisa uhlobo oluthile noma olunye. Izinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela zezinsalela zangaphambi komlando eziye zavubukulwa, futhi zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ngokuvamile zaziwa emhlathini owodwa noma ugebhezi olungaphelele.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukutholakala kwamuva nje kogebhezi lwekhanda e-Dmansi eTurkey kusikisele ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezilwane zakuqala. “Homo” – Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, futhi Homo erectus ekugcineni - empeleni nje ukuhlukahluka kohlobo olulodwa.
Amathambo angaveza okuningi kuphela, futhi ochwepheshe banesibopho sokwenza izilinganiso ezinolwazi ukuze bagcwalise izikhala zesihlahla somndeni se-hominid esineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-8. Izazi ze-Paleoanthropologists kufanele zibhale kabusha imvelaphi yokhokho besintu ngokuthola okusha ngakunye, zengeze amagatsha amasha nokuqopha lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zihlukana, kanye nokutholwa okuningi, kunokuba kunikeze izimpendulo mayelana nesikhathi sethu sasendulo, vele uphakamise imibuzo eyengeziwe.
I-Toumai (“ithemba lokuphila”) yigama elinikezwa amathambo esilwane esifile esatholwa eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule ogwadule lwase-Djurab e-Chad, eNtshonalanga Afrika, I-Sahelanthropus tchadensis izinhlobo. Ingenye yezibonelo ze-hominid ezindala kunazo zonke ezake zatholwa, ezisukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-6.8.
I-cranium ye I-Sahelanthropus tchadensis yayimncane impela. I-braincase ingu-320 cm³ kuya ku-380 cm³ kuphela ngevolumu, eqathaniswa naleyo yezimfene zamanje futhi ingaphansi kakhulu kunomthamo womuntu ojwayelekile ongu-1350 cm³.
I-Australopithecus afarensis waphila phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-3.9 nezingu-2.9 eminyakeni edlule futhi wayenamandla obuchopho angama-380 kuya ku-430 cc. Kutholwe izinsalela eziningi zalolu hlobo e-Ethiopia, okuhlanganisa nalo muntu ovezwe ngenhla, ogebhezi lwakhe nomhlathi kwatholakala ngo-1975 phakathi kwezinsalela zezinye eziyishumi nesikhombisa (abadala abayisishiyagalolunye, intsha emithathu, kanye nezingane ezinhlanu) e-Ethiopia's Afar Region. “ULucy,” isilwane esineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-3.2 esicishe siphelele esatholwa eHader, siyisibonelo esaziwayo kakhulu sohlaka lwamathambo. I-Australopithecus afarensis.
UNkosikazi Ples yisiteketiso esijwayelekile esiphelele kakhulu IAustralopithecus africanus ugebhezi lwekhanda, olwatholwa eSterkfontein, eNingizimu Afrika, ngo-1947. Nakuba ubulili bemfucumfucu bungaqinisekiswa ngokuphelele, 'wayeneminyaka ephakathi nendawo owayephila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.5 edlule futhi enobuchopho obungama-485 cc.
UNkk Ples washona ngemva kokuwela emgodini woshoki, futhi izinsalela zakhe zalondolozwa lapho umgodi ugcwala inzika kamuva. Imihlathi emikhulu namazinyo we IAustralopithecus africanus izinhlobo, ezazihlala eningizimu ye-Afrika phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezi-3 nezingu-2 edlule, sezinesikhathi eside zididekile ochwepheshe, kodwa manje bakholelwa ukuthi ugebhezi lwalulungele ukuhlukanisa amantongomane nembewu.
I-Paranthropus aethiopicus iwuhlobo lwe-hominid okukholakala ukuthi yaphila phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.7 nezingu-2.5 edlule. Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngazo ngoba zimbalwa izinsalela ezitholakele.
Umuntu ovezwe kabusha wakhiwe kabusha ogebheni lwekhanda lomuntu wesilisa omdala owatholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga yeLake Turkana eKenya ngo-1985. Waziwa ngokuthi "Ugebhezi Olumnyama" ngenxa yombala omnyama wethambo odalwe izinga eliphezulu lemanganese. Ugebhezi Olumnyama lwalunomthamo we-cranial ongu-410 cc, futhi ukuma komlomo wakhe kubonisa ukuthi wayelunywe kakhulu futhi wayekwazi ukuhlafuna izitshalo.
"Zinj" yigama elinikezwe ugebhezi lwekhanda oluneminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-1.8 ubudala I-Paranthropus boisei izinhlobo ezitholakala ngo-1959 e-Olduvai Gorge yaseTanzania. Iqanjwe ngokwezigaba zokuqala zezinhlobo, Zinjanthropus boisei, UZinj waba ngowokuqala ukutholakala eyingxenye yaleli qembu lama-hominids.
I-Paranthropus boisei wayehlala eMpumalanga Afrika kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.3 kuya kweziyi-1.2 edlule. Babenomthamo wobuchopho obungaba ngu-500 kuya ku-550cc futhi bebezodla imbewu, izitshalo nezimpande ezambiwa kusetshenziswa izinti zamathambo. Ngenxa yomhlathi oqinile obungabuye usetshenziselwe ukuqhekeka amantongomane, i-Zinj yaziwa nangokuthi 'iNutcracker Man'.
Le modeli ingeyendoda endala yalolu hlobo Homo rudolfensis, yakhiwa kabusha ngezingcezu zamathambo ezineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-1.8 ubudala ezitholakala e-Koobi Fora, eKenya, ngo-1972. Wasebenzisa amathuluzi amatshe futhi wadla inyama nezitshalo. UHomo rudolfensis waphila kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.9 kuya kweziyi-1.7 edlule futhi wayenamandla amakhulu e-cranial ukudlula abantu besikhathi sakhe, kusukela ku-530 kuya ku-750cc. Babenezici ezihlukile ezihlanganisa ubuso obuyisicaba, obubanzi namazinyo angemuva kwe-canine abanzi, anemiqhele eyinkimbinkimbi nezimpande.
Ukuthola i-'Turkana Boy' bekungenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezitholwe ku-palaeoanthropology. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwakhe kwavela kuhlaka lwamathambo acishe alondolozwe kahle atholakala ngo-1984 eNariokotome eduze neLake Turkana eKenya. Iwuhlaka lwamathambo abantu bokuqala oluphelele kakhulu olwake lwatholakala.
UTurkana Boy kukholakala ukuthi wayephakathi kweminyaka engu-7 nengu-15 ubudala futhi wayephila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1.6 edlule. Ngokocwaningo, lo mfana washonela eduze komfula ongashoni, lapho ayembozwe khona yizinsalela ze-alluvial. I-Homo ergaster waphila phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-1.8 kanye ne-1.3 yeminyaka edlule futhi wayenamandla e-cranial angama-700 kuya ku-900 cc. Izinsalela zitholwe eTanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya naseNingizimu Afrika.
'I-Miguelon' igama elinikezwe izinsalela zomuntu wesilisa omdala we- UHomo heidelbergensis iqembu, elatholwa eSima de los Huesos (“umgodi wamathambo”), eSpain, ngo-1993. Izinsalela zabantu zalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-5,500 XNUMX, ezibhekwa njengokhokho bamaNeanderthal, ziye zatholakala eSima de los. Isayithi le-Huesos.
UMiguelon, okuyisidlaliso se-“Atapuerca 5”, ugebhezi lwekhanda oluphelele UHomo heidelbergensis engakaze itholakale. UMiguelon ungowesilisa oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala owashona eminyakeni engaba ngu-400,000 edlule. Ugebhezi lwakhe lwabonisa ubufakazi bemithelela ehlukene engu-13 futhi wabulawa yi-septicemia ebangelwa amazinyo aphukile - izinyo laliphukile phakathi ngokushaywa okunamandla, kangangokuthi inyama yayivele obala futhi yaholela ekutheleleni okuqhubeka kwaze kwaba cishe ithambo le-orbital. .
Imodeli, eboniswe lapha, ayifaki ukukhubazeka. UHomo heidelbergensis waphila eminyakeni ephakathi kwezigidi ezingu-1.3 nezingu-200,000 edlule. Ivolumu yabo ye-cranial engu-1100 kuya ku-1400 cc idlula isilinganiso esingu-1350 cc sabantu besimanje. Izinsalela zalolu hlobo zitholakale eSpain, e-Italy, eFrance naseGreece.
"Ikhehla LaseLa Chapelle" laphinda ladalwa kusuka kugebhezi nasemhlathini we- I-Homo neanderthalensis owesilisa watholwa egqitshwe phansi kwetshe le-limestone emgedeni omncane eduze kwaseLa Chapelle-aux-Saints, eFrance ngo-1908.
Waphila eminyakeni engu-56,000 edlule futhi waba uhlaka lwamathambo lokuqala oluphelele lwe-Neanderthal olwake lwatholakala. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi wayesemdala ngesikhathi eshona, njengoba ithambo lase likhule kabusha ezinsinini lapho ayelahlekelwe khona amazinyo amaningana, mhlawumbe emashumini eminyaka ngaphambili. Wayeswele amazinyo amanengi ngeqiniso ukuthi kungenzakala ukuthi ukudla kwakhe kugayiwe engakakudli.
Uhlaka lwamathambo aleli khehla lukhomba ukuthi nalo lihlaselwe yizifo eziningi okubalwa kuzo nesifo samathambo futhi liphuke inqwaba yamathambo. Ama-Neanderthal ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa yi-paleontologists njengezinhlobo zezilwane I-Homo neanderthalensis, kodwa abanye bazibheka njenge-subspecies yazo Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis).
Abantu bokuqala abanezici ze-proto-Neanderthal kukholakala ukuthi babekhona eYurophu eminyakeni eyi-600,000-350,000 edlule, futhi bafa cishe eminyakeni engu-30,000 edlule. Umthamo we-cranial we-Neanderthal wawumkhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunesilinganiso esingu-1350 cc kubantu besimanje. Nokho, babenomzimba omkhulu kunawo wonke. Ucwaningo lwakamuva manje lukhomba ukuthi babenamazinga obuhlakani afanayo noma afanayo njengabantu besimanje.
"I-Hobbit" yigama elinikezwe izinsalela zesifazane zezinhlobo ze-hominid ezaziwa ngokuthi I-Homo floresiensis, watholakala e-Liang Bua, e-Flores, e-Indonesia, ngo-2003. Igama ngesiqu sakhe esincane, wayecishe abe yimitha ubude (cishe u-1'3″) futhi wayephila eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 edlule.
Amathambo abanye abantu abayisishiyagalolunye asele avubukuliwe, futhi kube yiwona okugxilwe kuwo ocwaningweni oluqinile ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ngabe amele uhlobo oluhlukile kubantu banamuhla - manje sekubhekwa ukuthi bayalumela. Le hominid iphawuleka ngomzimba wayo omncane nobuchopho (420 cc) kanye nempilo yayo ende (mhlawumbe muva nje eminyakeni eyi-12,000 edlule).
Igama lesayensi labantu lithi Homo sapiens (isiLatini sisho “indoda ehlakaniphile”). Ngokwe-anatomically abantu banamuhla baqala ukuvela emlandweni wezinsalela eminyakeni engu-195,000 edlule e-Afrika. Imodeli ekhonjiswe ngenhla yadalwa kusetshenziswa ugebhezi nezingxenye ze-mandible ezatholwa emhumeni kwa-Israel ngo-1969.
Le ntokazi esencane i-Homo sapien yayikhona endaweni ethile phakathi kweminyaka eyi-100,000 neyi-90,000 edlule. Amathambo akhe akhombisa ukuthi wayeneminyaka engaba ngu-20 ubudala. Ikhanda lakhe eliphihliziwe litholakale ethuneni elincane eduze kwamathambo abanye abangu-20.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuso kuguqulwe kwaba i ividiyo yopopayi kaDan Petrovic, okubonisa ukushintsha kancane kancane ezicini zobuso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
