Ngokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele, iqhwa laphakade lezigxobo zaseNyakatho nezaseNingizimu zomhlaba liyancibilika kancane kancane, futhi izinguzunga zeqhwa zasendulo zisinikeza izimanga ezintsha minyaka yonke.
Okunye okutholakele kuba imikhondo ejabulisayo yezimfihlakalo zesikhathi esidlule somuntu, kubuyela kithi izinto ezilahlekile ngesikhathi noma zitshele ngokungahambi kahle okumangalisayo ngisho nososayensi abadume kakhulu emhlabeni abakwazi ukukuchaza.
Muva nje, isintu besilokhu siqondisa ukubuka kwaso emkhathini, kepha kusenamakhona amaningi angahloliwe eMhlabeni, futhi enye yezindawo ezinjalo, ecebile ngezimfihlo ezijabulisayo, yi-Arctic Circle ne-Antarctica. Iqhwa laphakade liyaqhubeka ukuncibilika, futhi le nqubo ivumela ukutholwa okungakholeki, okungaba okuthokozisayo, okungaqondakali noma nokwesabisayo.
Inyakatho enobudlova ingaba yindawo esabekayo futhi esabisayo, ngoba namanje asazi okuningi ngakho. Ososayensi kanye nezazi zetulo lozungu bahlala bephikisana futhi behlekisana ngokungafani kwabo kwemibono ngezimfihlakalo eziningi zase-Arctic. Noma ngabe kuyimikhondo yempucuko yabokufika noma izenzakalo zemvelo ezingachazeki, izindawo ezibandayo zaphakade ziyaqhubeka nokuphazamisa izingqondo zabaphenyi nezazi zethiyori, zilwela ukwembula okutholakele okuthakazelisa kakhulu okuvela ngaphansi kweqhwa ngokuvumelana okunomona.
Mhlawumbe ngeke sizithole izimpendulo zayo yonke imibuzo yethu kungekudala, futhi izimfihlo eziningi zaseNyakatho zizohlala zingaxazululwa, kepha lesi akusona isizathu sokuvala amehlo abo kubo. Nakhu ukukhethwa kokutholakala okungu-15 kokungakholeki, okwesabekayo nokumangazayo okwenziwe e-Arctic nase-Antarctica eminyakeni yamuva.
Izinguquko zesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele sekuyisikhathi eside ziyimbangela yokuncibilika okunamandla kweqhwa elisendaweni ebandayo. Ubukhulu bezinguzunga zeqhwa zoLwandle i-Arctic buyehla njalo njalo ehlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esifudumele ngokungajwayelekile, izinguzunga zeqhwa ezincibilikayo zikhipha amagciwane aselalé isikhathi eside emakhulwini eminyaka.
Ngo-Agasti 2016, ukuqubuka okungalindelekile kwe-anthrax kwabulala umfana oneminyaka engu-12 futhi walalisa esibhedlela abantu abangu-72. Imbangela yalolu bhubhane kwakuwukungcola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nojusi we-cadaveric wezinyamazane ezincibilikisiwe, ezake zafa ngenxa yalesi sifo esiyingozi. AbaseSiberia bahlupheka ngoba wonke amanzi okuphuza kulo muzi ayenoshevu.
Futhi nasi esinye isibonelo - eNorway, izidumbu zezinsizwa eziyisithupha ezafa ngo-6 ngenxa yomkhuhlane waseSpain zatholakala, futhi kwatholakala igciwane eligcinwe ngokuphelele egazini likamufi. Phakathi kochwepheshe, kunokukhathazeka ukuthi amathuna afriziwe wezisulu zengxibongo esikhathini esizayo nawo azodala ukuqubuka kwegciwane elibulalayo.
2 | Le midlwane ineminyaka engu-12,000 ubudala
Ngo-2001, abacwaningi abaya enyakatho-mpumalanga yeYakutia ngethemba lokuthola izinsalela zamamammoth zasendulo lapho, bathola lapho izinsalela zemidlwane ezigcinwe ngokuphelele e-Ice Age. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, uSergei Fedorov, isisebenzi se-World Mammoth Museum e-Northeastern Federal University, waya lapho kutholakala khona injana yasendulo futhi akatholanga eyodwa, kodwa izidumbu ezimbili ezilondolozwe kahle zezilwane ezivela e-Ice Age.
Imidlwane efriziwe ingasiza ososayensi ukuthi bathole ukuthi izinja zahlukana nini futhi kuphi ngqo zaba yimifucumfucu ehlukile yezimpisi futhi zaba yizilwane zokuqala ezithambile emlandweni wesintu. Ukufundwa kokutholakele kukhombisile ukuthi imidlwane yafa ineminyaka engaba cishe izinyanga ezintathu, futhi yafa, kungenzeka, yawela ebhentshini.
Ososayensi bazosebenzisa izinsalela zezilwane ezitholakele ukwenza ucwaningo ngokulandelana kwesikhathi sokufuywa kwalolu hlobo, ngoba kuze kube manje emphakathini wezesayensi akukabikho ukuvumelana mayelana nesikhathi nendawo lapho izinja zaqala ukufuywa ngabantu.
3 | Isisekelo semfihlo samaNazi e-Arctic
Ngo-Okthoba 2016, ososayensi baseRussia bathola isizinda esiyimfihlo samaNazi e-Arctic. Into ebizwa ngeSchatzbraber noma “Treasure Hunter” yatholwa esiqhingini sase-Alexandra Land, futhi yakhiwa cishe ngonyaka ngemuva kokuhlasela kweJalimane iRussia.
Ngokusobala, lesi sikhungo sasingenalutho ngokuphelele ngo-1944, lapho ososayensi bamaNazi bezifaka ubuthi ngenyama yebhere elimhlophe. Isikhathi sesibili abantu bavela lapha ngemuva kweminyaka engama-72. Abahloli bamazwe baseRussia bathola izinto ezingaba ngu-500 ezahlukahlukene ezansi, kufaka phakathi izinhlamvu ezibuthuntu kanye nemibhalo evela eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, konke obekufihlwe ezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba iminyaka eminingi. Isisekelo sigcinwe sisesimweni esihle kakhulu ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi ngokweqile.
Kukhona izinhlobo ukuthi into yadalwa ukucinga ezinye izinsalela zasendulo nemithombo yamandla, lapho u-Adolf Hitler ngokwakhe akholelwa khona. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abangabazayo abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isizinda esiyimfihlo sinikeze amaNazi imininingwane ngezimo zezulu, ezinganikeza iGerman izinzuzo ezinkulu ekuhleleni ukuhamba kwamasosha ayo, imikhumbi nemikhumbi-ngwenya. AmaRussia manje asebenzisa lesi siqhingi ukuzakhela eyabo indawo yezempi.
4 | Igciwane lasendulo elikhulu
Ngo-2014, eqhweni laphakade laseSiberia, abacwaningi bathola igciwane elibizwa nge-Pithovirus, elaliphume emakhazeni angathintwanga iminyaka ecishe ibe ngama-30,000, futhi kwaba yigciwane elithe xaxa elingelona elamaselula elithathelwanayo. Ukutholwa kuthathwa njengokuhlukile, ngoba iPithovirus ingummeleli omkhulu kunayo yonke wamagciwane aziwa yisayensi yanamuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-virions atholakala e-Arctic anezakhi zofuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunamagciwane avamile. IPitovirus iqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezingama-500. Ngendlela, eyatholakala ngo-2013, iPandoravirus, manje eyaziwa njengegciwane lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, inezakhi zofuzo ezingaba ngu-2,500 12. Ukuqhathanisa, i-HIV inezakhi zofuzo eziyi-30,000 kuphela. Okuthusayo nakakhulu, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-XNUMX yobusika, i-virion enkulu isasebenza futhi iyakwazi ukuthelela amaseli e-amoeba.
Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukutheleleka ngaleli gciwane langaphambi komlando namuhla, noma ngabe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele ingozi enjalo isengenzeka. Isibonelo, uma uthola umzimba womuntu oshonile ngenxa yalesi sifo. Isimo esinjalo mancane amathuba okuthi senzeke, kepha wona wona umqondo wokuthi ama-microorganisms angaziwa futhi angaba yingozi acashe eqhweni laphakade, elinde usuku lwazo lokutholwa, wenza abanye ochwepheshe bakhathazeke ngobuqotho.
5 | Amandla adonsela phansi adonsela phansi atholakala e-Antarctica ngaphansi kweqhwa
NgoDisemba 2016, ososayensi bathola into enkulu eyayifihlwe ngaphansi kweqhwa laphakade le-Antarctica. Lokhu kutholakala kwenziwa endaweni yaseWilkes Land, futhi kuyindawo engathandeki enobubanzi obungamamitha angama-300, kwenzeka ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha ayi-823. Lokhu okutholakele kwabizwa ngokuthi yi-Wilkes Land gravitational anomaly, futhi kwatholakala emgodini onobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angama-500 ngenxa yemibono evela kuziphuphutheki ze-NASA ngo-2006.
Abaphenyi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-anomaly enkulu yiyo yonke into esele ye-asteroid enkulu yangaphambi komlando. Cishe kwakuyizikhathi ezi-2 (noma, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, izikhathi eziyisithupha) ezinkulu kune-asteroid, ngenxa yokuthi ama-dinosaurs ake aphela. Abaphenyi bakholelwa futhi ukuthi yilo mzimba wasezulwini owadala inhlekelele yomhlaba eyabangela ukuqothulwa kwePermian-Triassic eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-6 edlule, lapho kufa amaphesenti angama-250 empilo yasolwandle kanye nezidalwa zomhlaba ezingaba ngu-96%.
Njengenjwayelo, izazi zetulo likazungu zinombono ohlukile. Abaningi babo bakholelwa ukuthi uma lomgodi wawungaphansi komhlaba wabafokazi, noma isiphephelo esiyimfihlo sezingelosi eziwile ezivela eBhayibhelini, noma imbobo engxenyeni engaphakathi yoMhlaba, lapho kukhona umhlaba ohlukile (umbono Umhlaba oyize).
6 | Impucuko engaqondakali yase-Arctic
Ngo-2015, amakhilomitha angama-29 eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, ososayensi bathola imikhondo yempucuko yangesikhathi esidala engaqondakali. Ngaphandle kokutholakala esifundeni saseSiberia, abavubukuli bathole ukuthi laba bantu babehlobene nePheresiya.
Izinsalela zazigoqwe ngoboya (mhlawumbe izikhumba zebhere noma i-wolverine), ibark bark, futhi zambozwa ngezinto zethusi. Ezimweni zeqhwa, izidumbu "ezisongekayo" ezinjalo zigcotshwe ngokoqobo, ngakho-ke zigcinwe kahle kuze kube namuhla. Sekukonke, esizeni sendawo yangenkathi ephakathi, abacwaningi bathola amathuna amancane angama-34 nemizimba eyi-11.
Ekuqaleni, bekukholelwa ukuthi kungamadoda nezingane kuphela abangcwatshwa lapho, kepha ngo-Agasti 2017, ososayensi bathola ukuthi phakathi kwezidumbu kukhona nomzimba owawukade ungowesifazane. Ososayensi bamqamba igama lokuthi yiPoland Princess. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi le ntombazane ibingeyesigaba esiphakeme, ngoba kuze kube manje nguyena kuphela omele ubulili obufanele obatholwa phakathi nalokhu kumbiwa. Ukusebenza ngezinto zakudala kusaqhubeka, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi kusenokuningi okutholakele okumangalisayo okuseza.
7 | Imfihlakalo yempi yempi i-HMS Terror ne-HMS Erebus
Imikhumbi yamabhomu i-HMS Terror ne-HMS Erebus yahlonyiswa kabusha ikakhulukazi ohambweni oludumile lwase-Arctic oluholwa uSir John Franklin ngo-1845-1847. Yomibili le mikhumbi eyayilawulwa uFranklin yathatha uhambo oluya ezifundeni ezingakatholakali zaseFar North, kodwa endaweni yezindawo zaseCanada bathunjwa yiqhwa, futhi akekho namunye wabasebenzi abangu-129, kubandakanya nokaputeni uqobo, akazange abuyele ekhaya.
Ngo-1981-1982, kwenziwa imikhankaso emisha, inhloso yayo kwakuwukuhlola iziqhingi ze-King William neBeechey (King William Island, Beechey Island). Lapho, ososayensi bathola izidumbu zamanye amalungu ohambo lwaseFranklin, zilondolozwe ngokuphelele kuze kube namuhla ngenxa yenqubo yokugcwala izidumbu zemvelo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe be-forensic, imbangela yokufa kwalaba bahloli bamazwe ase-polar kwakuwukufaka ushevu ngokudla okusemathinini okusemgangathweni, isifo sofuba nezimo zezulu ezinzima ezingahambisani nempilo. Ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwezinsalela, ochwepheshe baphinde baphetha ngokuthi amalungu ohambo lwaseFranklin ngesinye isikhathi avele asangana ngenxa yokukhathala futhi aqala nokudla omunye nomunye - emizimbeni yabo kwatholwa ukusikeka okusolisayo kanye nama-serif. kokudla abantu.
Kwathi ngoSepthemba 12, 2014, umkhankaso osendaweni yaseVictoria Strait wathola ukuvubukulwa kweHMS Erebus, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-2 (Septhemba 12, 2016), amalungu e-Arctic Research Foundation athola iHMS Terror, futhi .
8 | Imisindo engaziwa ikhishwe ngaphansi kolwandle i-Arctic
Ngo-2016, eduze nendawo yokuhlala yama-Eskimo e-Igloolik, indawo yaseNunavut (Igloolik, Nunavut), endaweni yaseCanada Arctic, kwaqoshwa imisindo engajwayelekile, eza ngqo phansi, futhi yesabisa nezilwane zasendle ezihlala kulamanzi .
Ithimba lososayensi, elithunyelwe amasosha aseCanada, bekufanele linqume ukuthi imisindo ibuye kuphi, futhi lithole ukuthi umkhumbi-ngwenya wakwelinye izwe ubhukuda ungene endaweni yombuso. Kepha ekugcineni, abakutholile kwakuwumhlambi wemikhomo nama-walrus ayi-6. Ngemuva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu ezisolisayo azilethi ingozi, amasosha anciphisa ukusebenza futhi ashiya indawo.
Umsuka wemisindo engaqondakali namanje awukaziwa, kepha abalandeli bezinkolelo zetulo bakholelwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezinhle ngasikhathi sinye, kufaka phakathi imilayezo evela kubahlali base-Atlantis yasenganekwaneni, amasiginali asuka emanzini angaphansi kwezidalwa ezingaphandle, noma ngisho namazwi we-giant deep- izilwane zasolwandle, isayensi engakazi lutho ngazo.
9 | Ama-sinkholes ase-Arctic
Imigodi engaqondakali kade yavela eSiberia. Enye yemigodi emikhulu kunayo yonke yatholakala ngeminyaka yama-1960s, kwathiwa yi-Batagayka crater. Umsele unwebeka minyaka yonke cishe ngamamitha ayi-15 ububanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqala ukuvela imingcele emisha ogwini olusempumalanga yeNhlonhlo Yamal. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuseni ngoJuni 28, 2017, abelusi bezinyamazane bendawo babona amalangabi nezinsika zomusi eduze nomuzi waseSeyakha. Endaweni efanayo, abacwaningi bathola imigodi emisha eyi-10 yase-Arctic.
Ukuqhuma okudumayo empeleni bekungenxa yokushisa komhlaba. Iqhwa laphakade lisanda kuncibilika ngokuya ngokuya likhula ngenkuthalo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, izinqolobane zemethane ezazivaliwe ngaphambili ziyakhishwa emhlabathini lapha nalaphaya, okuvusa ukuvela kokuhluleka okusha.
Kepha kuthiwani ngaphandle kwezinguqulo ezinhle zama-theorists ozungu? Endabeni yemingcele, izazi zetulo nazo zenza iziphakamiso ezinhle kakhulu. Isibonelo, bakholelwa ukuthi imigodi iyizisekelo zangaphambili zamaUFO afriziwe ashiya uMhlaba ngezikhathi ezithile, ashiye izimbobo eziyimfihlakalo enhlabathini efriziwe. Enye inguqulo evamile ithi imigodi yase-arctic iyindlela yokungena kwelinye izwe.
10 | Ukuthola umkhumbi wesipoki olahlekile we-HMS Thames
Ngo-Agasti 2016, eduzane nedolobhana laseGoroshikha, eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, kwatholakala umkhumbi wamabhanoyi waseBrithani oshiywe yi-HMS Thames, okukholakala ukuthi wacwila emuva ngonyaka we-1877. Umzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. Lo mzila wawudume kakhulu kubahambi basezindaweni ezibandayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kepha ukuhamba ngomkhumbi kwakuvame ukungaphumeleli kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Umkhumbi wakhiwa ukuhlola iGulf of Ob noMfula iYenisei, nokuvula indlela ehamba phambili yezohwebo eya ogwini lwaseRussia. Izisebenzi zashiya lo mkhumbi ngemuva kokuchitha ubusika ogwini lwaseYenisei, njengoba iHMS Thames yayimiswe kakhulu lapho abasebenzi bengasekho.
I-locomotive yahlakazwa futhi yathengiswa ngezingxenye, uma kungenzeka, futhi ngemuva kwalokho abasebenzi bayo, beholwa nguCaptain Joseph Wiggins (Joseph Wiggins), babuyela ekhaya e-UK. Vumelana, kunokuthile okwesabisayo nokudabukisayo ekutholakaleni kwezinsalela zomkhumbi obukhukhuleka unqamula izilwandle zasenyakatho eminyakeni eyi-140 eyedlule ..
