Emkhakheni obanzi wemibhalo yesandla yomlando, lapho izindaba zempucuko yasendulo nolwazi olukhohliwe kugcinwa khona ngokucophelela, imibhalo embalwa ehlaba umxhwele njengombhalo Wesandla Sibiu. Njengoba yatholwa edolobheni elincane laseTransylvanian, iSibiu, le ncwadi yangekhulu le-16 ayifani nanoma iyiphi enye, ngoba ngaphakathi kwamakhasi ayo aphuzi kunesambulo esimangalisayo: incazelo enembe ngendlela emangalisayo yamarokhethi anezigaba eziningi. Ngesikhathi lapho umhlaba wawungakaqapheli ngokumangalisayo izimangaliso zokundiza emkhathini, iSibiu Manuscript isikisela esahlukweni esifihlekile emlandweni wethu, lapho ubuchwepheshe nobuhlakani kungase kufinyelele ukuphakama okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
I-Sibiu Manuscript edelela isikhathi
I-Sibiu Manuscript yaziwa ukuthi ikhulume ngamarokhethi awuketshezi namarokhethi anezigaba eziningi kanye nezakhiwo zawo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abantu abaningi bayangabaza uma kuziwa ekwazini izinto ezifana nalezi eziphikisana nakho konke abake bekwazi mayelana nesikhathi sabo samanje. Kodwa ngokungangabazeki kwabo, umbhalo wesandla onamakhasi angu-450 owatholwa eRomania cishe eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha edlule kaDoru Todericiu, uprofesa Wesayensi Nobuchwepheshe eYunivesithi yaseBuchares, ukhona ngempela. Umbhalo wesandla watholwa ezinqolobaneni zedolobha laseSibiu (Sibiu amarekhodi omphakathi i-Varia II 374), ngo-1961.
U-Doru Todericu uthole ngokuphawulekayo imibhalo nemidwebo ebonisa izikhali zakudala, ama-ballistics namarokhethi esiteji. Nakuba Umbhalo Wesandla Sibiu watholakala ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, abaningi baye bacabangela ukuthi amagama nolimi olusetshenziswe emibhalweni yesandla kungase kubuyele emuva nakakhulu, cishe ngekhulu le-16. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi ubani ngempela onesibopho semibhalo yesandla ngokwayo, kodwa indoda yaseJalimane okuthiwa u-Conrad Haas inikezwe udumo ngaleli gxathu elimangalisayo emlandweni, futhi njengomuntu wokuqala owasungula amarokhethi ezigaba eziningi.
UConrad Haas - unjiniyela oyiphayona wenkathi ye-Medieval
UConrad Haas (1509-1576) wayengunjiniyela wezempi wase-Austrian noma waseTransylvanian waseS Kingdom waseHungary, eTransylvania. Ukholelwa ukuthi uyiphayona le-rocket propulsion. Imiklamo yakhe ifaka irokhethi eneziteji ezintathu nerokhethi elinamadoda. Imidwebo yakhe nemibono yakhe kuyamangalisa ngempela kepha kuyamangaza uma ucabangela umugqa wesikhathi.
U-Haas mhlawumbe wazalelwa eDornbach manje eyingxenye yeHernals, eVienna. Wayephethe isikhundla seZeugwart (umphathi wezikhali) webutho i-Imperial Habsburg ngaphansi kukaFerdinand. Ngo-1551, uStephen Báthory, inkosana enkulu yaseTransylvania yamema uHaas eHermannstadt, eMbusweni waseHungary waseMpumalanga, manje oseqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi iSibiu, lapho asebenza khona njengonjiniyela wezikhali futhi waqala nokufundisa eKlausenburg, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi yiCluj-Napoca.
Ubhale incwadi yolimi lwesiJalimane ngobuchwepheshe bamarokhethi, ebandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kweziqhumane nobuchwepheshe bezikhali, obaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi yiSibiu Manuscript.
Umsebenzi kaHaas uphinde wabhekana nombono wokunyakaziswa kwamarokhethi aneziteji eziningi, izingxube ezahlukahlukene zikaphethiloli kusetshenziswa uphethiloli owuketshezi, futhi wethula amaphiko amise okwe-delta nemibhobho emise okwezinsimbi.
Esigabeni sokugcina sesahluko sakhe ngokusetshenziswa kwamarokhethi ezempi, wabhala (wahumusha):
“Kepha iseluleko sami ngesokuthula okwengeziwe futhi akukho mpi, sishiya izibhamu zisesitokisini, ngakho-ke inhlamvu ayidutshulwa, isibhamu asishiswa noma simanzi, ngakho-ke isikhulu sigcina imali yaso, i-arsenal iyilawula impilo yayo; leso yiseluleko uConrad Haas asinikezayo. ”
I-Sibiu Manuscript kanye nokuhlolwa kuka-Johann Schmidlap
UJohann Schmidlap waseSchorndorf wayengumkhiqizi weziqhumane zaseBavaria ngekhulu le-16 futhi eyiphayona lamarokhethi. Washicilela incwadi ngeziqhumane, "Künstliche und rechtschaffene Fewrwerck zum Schimpff," okokuqala yanyatheliswa eNuremberg ngo-1561.
ISchmidlap kukholakala ukuthi ingowokuqala ukundiza ngempumelelo amarokhethi ahleliwe. Kuthiwa wakha irokhethi yakhe ngokuya ngomqondo okuxoxwe ngawo emsebenzini kaConrad Haas. Wazama ukubeka ngo-1590, esebenzisa umklamo awubiza ngokuthi “ama-step rocket.”
Ngaphambi kokutholwa kombhalo wesandla sikaHaas, incazelo yokuqala yerokhethi enezitezi ezintathu yayisePoland yabizwa ngochwepheshe wezikhali zasePoland uKazimierz Siemienowicz emsebenzini wakhe wango-1650, "Artis Magnae Artilleriae Pars Prima."
