Amazinga okushisa afudumele e-Arctic ancibilikisa i-permafrost yesifunda - ungqimba lwenhlabathi oluqandisiwe ngaphansi komhlaba - kanye namandla okuvuselela amagciwane abesehlale amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka.
kuyilapho ubhadane olubangelwa isifo esivela esikhathini esidlule lubonakala njengesisekelo sefilimu eqanjiwe yesayensi, ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi izingozi, ezincane nje, zithathwa kancane. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, imfucuza yamakhemikhali nekhipha imisebe evela eMpini Yomshoshaphansi ingase ikhishwe, engase ilimaze izinhlobo zezilwane futhi iphazamise imvelo.
"Kuningi okwenzekayo nge-permafrost ekhathazayo, futhi kukhombisa ukuthi kungani kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi sigcine iqhwa elibandayo ngangokunokwenzeka," kusho uKimberley Miner, usosayensi wesimo sezulu eNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. I-California Institute of Technology ePasadena, eCalifornia.
I-Permafrost ihlanganisa ingxenye eyodwa kwesihlanu yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe futhi sekuyisikhathi eside isekela i-Arctic tundra kanye namahlathi e-boreal ase-Alaska, eCanada, naseRussia. Isebenza njenge-capsule yesikhathi, igcina izinsalela ezingcwatshiwe zezidalwa ezimbalwa ezashabalala ososayensi abakwazile ukuzithola futhi bazihlaziye eminyakeni yamuva nje, okuhlanganisa amawundlu amabili ebhubesi lasemhumeni nobhejane onoboya.
I-Permafrost iyindawo efanelekile yokugcina isitoreji hhayi nje ngoba kubanda; futhi iyindawo engenawo umoya-mpilo lapho ukukhanya kungangeni khona. Nokho, amazinga okushisa amanje ase-Arctic akhuphuka ngokushesha ngokuphindwe kane kunomhlaba wonke, okwenza kube nzima ungqimba oluphezulu lweqhwa.
UJean-Michel Claverie, uprofesa we-Emeritus wezokwelapha kanye ne-genomics e-Aix-Marseille University School of Medicine eMarseille, eFrance, uhlole amasampula omhlaba athathwe ku-permafrost yaseSiberia ukuze abone ukuthi zikhona yini izinhlayiya zegciwane eziqukethwe kuyo ezisathathelwana. Ufuna “ama-zombie virus,” njengoba ewabiza kanjalo, futhi usewatholile.
Umzingeli wegciwane
UClaverie ufunda uhlobo oluthile lwegciwane aqala ukulithola ngo-2003. Aziwa ngokuthi amagciwane amakhulu, makhulu kakhulu kunezinhlobonhlobo ezijwayelekile futhi abonakala ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esivamile esikhanyayo, kunesibonakhulu se-electron enamandla kakhulu - okuwenza abe imodeli enhle yalokhu. uhlobo lomsebenzi welebhu.
Imizamo yakhe yokuthola amagciwane aqandiswe ku-permafrost ngokwengxenye yagqugquzelwa ithimba lososayensi baseRussia okwathi ngo-2012 bavuselela imbali yasendle esikhumbeni sembewu esineminyaka engu-30,000 ubudala esatholakala emgodini wengwejeje. (Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi baye babuyisela ngempumelelo izilwane zasendulo ezingabonakali ziphile.)
Ngo-2014, wakwazi ukuvuselela igciwane yena nethimba lakhe abalihlukanisa ne-permafrost, okwenza latheleleka okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni engu-30,000 ngokulifaka kumaseli akhulisiwe. Ukuze aphephe, wayekhethe ukufunda ngegciwane elingaqondisa kuphela ama-amoeba aneseli elilodwa, hhayi izilwane noma abantu.
Ukuphindile lokhu ngo-2015, ehlukanisa uhlobo lwegciwane oluhlukile nalo oluqondise kuma-amoeba. Futhi ocwaningweni lwakhe lwakamuva, olushicilelwe ngoFebhuwari 18 ephephabhukwini elithi Virus, uClaverie nethimba lakhe bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbalwa zegciwane lasendulo kumasampula amaningi e-permafrost athathwe ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene kulo lonke elaseSiberia futhi bakhombisa ukuthi ngalinye lingathelela amaseli e-amoeba akhulisiwe.
Lezo zinhlobo zakamuva zimelela imindeni emihlanu emisha yamagciwane, ngaphezu kwamabili ayewavuselele ngaphambilini. Endala yayineminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-48,500 ubudala, isekelwe embonweni womhlaba we-radiocarbon, futhi yavela kusampula lomhlaba othathwe echibini elingaphansi komhlaba elingamamitha angu-16 (amafidi angu-52) ngaphansi komhlaba. Amasampula amancane kunawo wonke, atholakala esiswini kanye nejazi lezinsalela ze-woolly mammoth, ayeneminyaka engu-27,000 ubudala.
Ukuthi amagciwane atheleleka nge-amoeba asatheleleka ngemuva kwesikhathi eside kangaka kuyinkomba yenkinga engaba nkulu, kusho uClaverie. Wesaba ukuthi abantu babheka ucwaningo lwakhe njengelukuluku lesayensi futhi abaliboni ithemba lokuthi amagciwane asendulo abuye aphile njengosongo olukhulu lwezempilo yomphakathi.
"Sibheka lawa magciwane atheleleka nge-amoeba njengezabo zawo wonke amanye amagciwane okungenzeka abe ku-permafrost," uClaverie etshela i-CNN.
“Sibona imikhondo yamanye amagciwane amaningi, amaningi, amaningi,” engeza. “Ngakho siyazi ukuthi bakhona. Asazi ngempela ukuthi basaphila. Kodwa ukucabanga kwethu ukuthi uma amagciwane e-amoeba esaphila, asikho isizathu sokuthi kungani amanye amagciwane engeke esaphila, futhi ekwazi ukuthelela abawakhona.”
Isandulela sokutheleleka kwabantu
Iminonjana yamagciwane namagciwane angathelela abantu iye yatholakala igcinwe endaweni eqhwaqhwa.
Isampula yamaphaphu emzimbeni wowesifazane owakhishwa ngo-1997 e-permafrost esigodini esiseNhlonhlweni yaseSeward yase-Alaska yayiqukethe izinto eziphathelene nofuzo ezivela ohlotsheni lomkhuhlane obangela ubhubhane lwango-1918. Ngo-2012, ososayensi baqinisekisa ukuthi izinsalela zowesifazane oneminyaka engu-300 ubudala owangcwatshwa eSiberia zaziqukethe izimpawu zofuzo zaleli gciwane elibangela ingxibongo.
Ukuqubuka kwe-anthrax eSiberia okuthinte inqwaba yabantu kanye nezinyamazane ezingaphezu kuka-2,000 phakathi kukaJulayi no-Agasti ngo-2016 kuphinde kwaxhunyaniswa nokuncibilika okujulile kwe-permafrost ngesikhathi sasehlobo elishisa kakhulu, okuvumela izinhlamvu ezindala ze-Bacillus anthracis ukuthi ziphinde zivele ezindaweni zokungcwaba ezindala noma izidumbu zezilwane.
U-Birgitta Evengård, uprofesa ophumelelayo eMnyangweni we-Clinical Microbiology e-Umea University eSweden, uthe kufanele kube nokubhekwa okungcono kwengozi ebangelwa amagciwane angaba khona ekuncibilikiseni i-permafrost, kodwa waxwayisa ngendlela eyingozi.
"Kumele ukhumbule ukuthi ukuzivikela kwethu kwamasosha omzimba kuye kwathuthukiswa ngokuxhumana eduze nendawo ezungezile," kusho u-Evengård, oyingxenye ye-CLINF Nordic Center of Excellence, iqembu eliphenya imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kubantu. izilwane ezifundeni ezisenyakatho.
"Uma kunegciwane elifihlwe ku-permafrost esingakaze sihlangane nalo izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuzivikela kwethu komzimba akwanele," kusho yena. “Kulungile ukuhlonipha isimo nokusukumela phezulu hhayi nje ukusukumela phezulu. Futhi indlela yokulwa nokwesaba iwukuba nolwazi.”
Kunjalo, emhlabeni wangempela, ososayensi abazi ukuthi la magciwane angahlala isikhathi esingakanani etheleleka uma evezwe ezimeni zanamuhla, noma mangakanani amathuba okuthi leli gciwane lihlangane nomsingathi ofanelekayo. Akuwona wonke amagciwane angama-pathogen angabangela izifo; amanye alungile noma azuzisa ngisho nabawaphethe. Futhi nakuba iyikhaya labantu abayizigidi ezingu-3.6, i-Arctic iseyindawo enabantu abambalwa, okwenza ingozi yokuchayeka kwabantu kumagciwane asendulo ibe phansi kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, “ingozi nakanjani izokwanda esimweni sokufudumala kwembulunga yonke,” kusho uClaverie, “lapho ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost kuzolokhu kudlondlobala, futhi abantu abengeziwe bazogcwala i-Arctic ngenxa yezinhlelo zezimboni.”
Futhi uClaverie akayedwa oxwayisa ngokuthi lesi sifunda singaba indawo evundile yomcimbi we-spillover - lapho igciwane ligxumela kumsingathi omusha futhi liqala ukusabalala.
Ngonyaka odlule, ithimba lososayensi lashicilela ucwaningo lwamasampula enhlabathi nechibi lenhlabathi ethathwe eLake Hazen, ichibi elinamanzi ahlanzekile e-Canada elingaphakathi kwe-Arctic Circle. Balandelanisa izakhi zofuzo enzikeni ukuze bahlonze amasignesha egciwane kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezingase zibe khona - izitshalo nezilwane - endaweni.
Besebenzisa ukuhlaziya imodeli yekhompiyutha, baphakamise ukuthi ingozi yokuchitheka kwamagciwane iye kubaphathi abasha ibiphezulu ezindaweni eziseduze nalapho amanzi amaningi ancibilika eqhwa agelezela echibini - isimo esiba nokwenzeka kakhulu njengoba isimo sezulu sishisa.
Imiphumela engaziwa
Ukuhlonza amagciwane nezinye izingozi eziqukethwe ku-permafrost efudumalayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqonda ukuthi iyiphi ingozi engaba nayo e-Arctic, kusho uMvukuzi eJet Propulsion Laboratory yeNASA. Ezinye izinselelo zihlanganisa ukulinganisa ukuthi i-permafrost izoncibilika kuphi, nini, ishesha kangakanani nokuthi ijule kangakanani.
Ukuncibilika kungaba inqubo efika kancane kancane engamasentimitha eshumini ngalinye kodwa futhi kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, njengalapho kunezindawo ezinkulu zokuwohloka komhlaba ezingaveza ngokuzumayo izingqimba ezijulile nezindala ze-permafrost. Le nqubo iphinde ikhiphe i-methane ne-carbon dioxide emkhathini - umshayeli onganakiwe futhi obukelwa phansi wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
U-Miner ubhale inqwaba yezingozi ezingase zibe yiqhwa njengamanje e-Arctic permafrost ephepheni lango-2021 elishicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi we-Nature Climate Change.
Lezo zingozi ezingase zibe khona zihlanganisa imfucumfucu egqitshiwe evela ezimayini zezinsimbi ezisindayo namakhemikhali afana nesibulala-zinambuzane i-DDT, esavalwa ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. I-radioactive material nayo ilahlwe e-Arctic - yiRussia kanye ne-United States - kusukela kwaqala ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngawo-1950.
"Ukuncibilika kungazelelwe kudalula ama-horizons amadala e-permafrost, ukukhulula izinhlanganisela nama-microorganisms aqoqwe ezendlalelo ezijulile," kusho uMiner nabanye abacwaningi ephepheni lango-2021.
Ephepheni lokucwaninga, uMiner wabiza ukutheleleka okuqondile kwabantu ngamagciwane asendulo akhishwa ku-permafrost ngokuthi “akunakwenzeka njengamanje.”
Nokho, uMiner uthe ukhathazekile ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi “ama-microorganisms aseMethusela” (eqanjwe ngomuntu weBhayibheli onesikhathi eside sokuphila). Lezi izinto eziphilayo ezingase zilethe ukuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo zasendulo nezingasekho endaweni ye-Arctic yanamuhla, kube nemiphumela engaziwa.
Ukuvela kabusha kwama-microorganisms asendulo kunamandla okushintsha ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo, okungenzeka kuqhubekisele phambili imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngesivinini, kusho uMiner.
“Asikacaci ngempela ukuthi la magciwane azosebenzisana kanjani nendawo yesimanje,” kusho yena. “Akuwona uvivinyo ngempela engicabanga ukuthi noma yimuphi wethu ufuna ukuwenza.”
Isinyathelo esingcono kakhulu, kusho uMiner, ukuzama ukumisa ukuncibilika, kanye nenkinga yesimo sezulu ebanzi, futhi ugcine lezi zingozi zigxilile ku-permafrost ngokuhle.
