Uhlelo olusha lokubhala luye lwembulwa ithimba labacwaningi eMnyangweni Wezilimi waseNyuvesi yaseCologne elinikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngomlando woMbuso WaseKushan, okwakuyisimo esivelele sezwe lasendulo.
ENyuvesi yaseCologne, ithimba labacwaningi abasha likwazile ukucacisa impicabadala osekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70 idida izazi: “umbhalo weKushan ongaziwa.” U-Svenja Bonmann, u-Jakob Halfmann, no-Natalie Korobzow bafunde izithombe zemibhalo etholwe emigedeni, kanye nezimpawu ezitsheni nasezitsheni zobumba ezivela emazweni ambalwa ase-Asia Emaphakathi iminyaka eminingana ukuze bahlanganise iphazili.
Ngomhla zi-1 kuNdasa, 2023, umbiko wokuchazwa kwengxenye yesikripthi esingaziwa sase-Kushan wadalulwa engqungqutheleni ye-inthanethi ye-Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. Kuze kube manje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-60% wezimpawu ziyakwazi ukuhlukaniswa, futhi iqembu lisahlose ukufunda ezinye izinhlamvu. Incazelo eningilizayo yokuchazwa kwencazelo iye yanyatheliswa encwadini Ukuthengiselana kwe-Philological Society enesihloko esithi “Ukuchazwa Kwengxenye Yeskripthi Se-Kushan Engaziwa.”
Ukuphumelela kufinyelelwe ngokutholwa okusha
Uhlelo lokubhala lwamaKushans, olungakaziwa namanje, lwalusetshenziswa phakathi kwe-Asia Ephakathi phakathi kweminyaka engu-200 BCE no-700 CE. Kukholakala ukuthi yayisetshenziswa abantu bokuqala abayimizulane emathafeni ase-Eurasia, njengamaYuezhī, nozalo olubusayo lwamaKushan. Umbuso waseKushan wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekusakazeni ubuBuddha eMpumalanga Asia, kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo nemisebenzi yobuciko.
Kuze kube manje, kutholakale imibhalo eminingi emifushane, ikakhulukazi evela eTajikistan, Afghanistan nase-Uzbekistan. Ukwengeza, umbhalo omude wezilimi ezintathu watholwa abavubukuli baseFrance ngeminyaka yo-1960 e-Dašt-i Nāwur e-Afghanistan: etsheni eliyi-4,320 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle eNtabeni i-Qarabayu, etholakala cishe nge-100 km eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Kabul.
Bekwaziwa kusukela ngawo-1950 ukuthi uhlelo lokubhala lwalukhona, kodwa lwalungakaze luhlaziywe. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2022 kwatholakala umbhalo obhalwe ngezilimi ezimbili, oqoshwe edwaleni e-Almosi Gorge eduze kwaseDushanbe eTajikistan. Umbhalo wawuqukethe izigaba ezibhalwe ngolimi lwaseBactrian oseluvele lwaziwa kanye neskripthi esingaziwa sesi-Kushan.
Abacwaningi abaningana baqale imizamo emisha yokuqhafaza umbhalo ngemva kokutholakala, kodwa yizazi zezilimi zaseNyuvesi yaseCologne ezikwazile ukukuhlahlela ngokuyingxenye ngokubambisana nomvubukuli weTajik uDkt. Bobomullo Bobomulloev, owabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuvumbululeni nasekurekhodeni. yezilimi ezimbili.
Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokuqondwa kwemibhalo yaseGibhithe, impumelelo iye yatholakala
Ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo esetshenziselwa ukuchaza imibhalo yaseGibhithe nge- Rosetta Stone, endulo Isikripthi se-cuneiform sasePheresiya, Futhi Isikripthi se-Greek Linear B, ithimba likwazile ukufinyelela esiphethweni esiphathelene nendlela yokubhala nolimi ngokusekelwe embhalweni wezilimi ezimbili otholakala e-Tajikistan (i-Bactrian kanye nombhalo we-Kushan owawungaziwa ngaphambili) kanye nombhalo obhalwe ngezilimi ezintathu wase-Afghanistan (i-Gandhari noma i-Middle Indo-Aryan, i-Bactrian kanye nokunye okufanayo. iskripthi esingaziwa saseKushan).
Ukutholakala kwatholakala igama lasebukhosini elithi Vema Takhtu, elalikhona kuyo yomibili imibhalo yeBactrian, kanye nesiqu esithi “Inkosi Yamakhosi,” esaqondwa ezingxenyeni ezilotshwe embhalweni weKushan owawungaziwa ngaphambili. Lesi sihloko senza izazi zezilimi zakwazi ukubona ulimi lombhalo. Ngokusebenzisa umbhalo ohambisanayo we-Bactrian, abacwaningi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu ezengeziwe futhi banqume amanani efonetiki ohlamvu ngalunye.
Ukuthola ukuqonda ngobunkimbinkimbi besiko lamaKushan
Iqembu locwaningo lithole ubufakazi bolimi olungajwayelekile lwase-Iranian Ephakathi oluthwetshulwe ngombhalo we-Kushan. Lolu limi alufani neBactrian noma isiKhotanese Saka, olwake lwasetshenziswa entshonalanga yeChina. Lolu limi olusha lubonakala luphakathi kwentuthuko phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili. Kungaba ulimi lwezakhamuzi zasenyakatho yeBactria (osukwini lwamanje i-Tajikistan) noma ulimi lwamaqembu ayimizulane avela e-Inner Asia (amaYuezhī) ayedabuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina.
Isikhathi esithile, kubikwa ukuthi yayisetshenziswa njengolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni zoMbuso WaseKushan ngaphezu kwe-Bactrian, Gandhari/Middle Indo-Aryan nesiSanskrit. Njengegama eliyisiqalo, izazi ziphakamisa ilebula ethi “Eteo-Tocharian” ukuchaza ulimi lwase-Iranian olusanda kutholwa.
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, abacwaningi basebenzisana nabavubukuli baseTajik ukuze benze uhambo locwaningo oluya e-Asia Ephakathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kutholwe imibhalo emisha, futhi kukhonjwe amasayithi athembisayo. USvenja Bonmann, umbhali wokuqala, uphawule wathi, “Ukuchaza kwethu lesi script kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu umlando wolimi namasiko e-Asia Emaphakathi kanye noMbuso WaseKushan, okufana nokuchazwa kwemibhalo yaseGibhithe noma ama-glyphs amaMayan ukuze siqonde. IGibhithe lasendulo noma impucuko yamaMaya.”
Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe: USvenja Bonmann et al, Ukuchazwa Kwengxenye Yeskripthi Se-Kushan Engaziwa, Ukuthengiselana kwe-Philological Society (2023).
