U-Ötzi – umama oqalekisiwe ka-'Tyrolean Iceman waseHauslabjoch'

UÖtzi, owaziwa nangokuthi “uTyrolean Iceman waseHauslabjoch” ulondolozwe kahle mummy wemvelo womuntu owaphila cishe ngo-3,300 BCE. Umama wabonwa ngo-September 1991 ezintabeni ze-ötztal - ngaleyo ndlela wathola igama lesiteketiso elithi "Ötzi" - eduze nentaba yaseSimilaun kanye ne-Hauslabjoch emngceleni ophakathi kwe-Austria ne-Italy.

U-zitzi ungumama womuntu wemvelo odume kunabo bonke eYurophu futhi unikeze umbono ongavamile ngabaseYurophu baseChalcolithic. Umzimba wakhe nempahla yakhe kukhonjisiwe kufayela le- ISouth Tyrol Museum of Archaeology etholakala eBolzano, eSouth Tyrol, e-Italy.

Ukutholwa kuka-Ötzi - i-Tyrolean Iceman

NgoSepthemba 19, 1991, izivakashi ezimbili zaseJalimane, uHelmut no-Erika Simon bathola umama wase-zitzi endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-3,210 ogwini olusempumalanga I-Fineilspitze ngaphakathi I-Ötztal Alps emngceleni wase-Austrian – Italy.

Abahambi, uHelmut no-Erika, babehamba ngezinyawo besuka phakathi kwentaba edlula iHauslabjoch neTisenjoch. Ekuqaleni, babecabanga ukuthi isidumbu esomuntu osanda kushona umgibeli wezintaba kodwa ngemuva kokwenza ukuhlolwa okujulile, abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi “cishe sasineminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezine sikhona.” Bakuqinisekisile abakushoyo ngohlobo lwe-awl nezinto eziningi ezitholwe esidunjini.

Ukubukeka kuka-Ötzi nezimo zakhe zomzimba

Izifundo ezengeziwe ziyadlulisa, ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, u-zitzi wayengaba ngu-5ft 5in ubude, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-61 futhi cishe eneminyaka engamashumi amane nanhlanu ubudala. Ngenkathi kutholakala isidumbu sakhe, sasinesisindo esingu-13.750 kilograms. Ngenxa yokuthi umzimba wawumbozwe yiqhwa ngemuva nje kokushona kwakhe, wawusuwohloke kancane.

U-zitzi wayegqoka ingubo eyenziwe ngotshani obelukiwe nejazi, ibhande, amabhulukwe ama-leggings, indwangu yezicathulo nezicathulo, konke okwenziwe ngesikhumba sezikhumba ezahlukahlukene. Ubuye futhi wagqoka ikepisi lesikhumba sebhande eliboshwe ngebhande lesilevu lesikhumba. Izicathulo bezingenawo amanzi futhi zibanzi, kubonakala sengathi zenzelwe ukuhamba eqhweni.

Ezinye izinto ezitholwe ne-Iceman yizembe lethusi elinesibambo se-yew, ummese onecwecwe elinesibambo somlotha kanye nomgodla onemicibisholo engu-14 ene-viburnum ne-dogwood shafts.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kuveze ukuthi u-zitzi ubedla inyama, isinkwa semifino, izimpande nezithelo. Izinsalela zamakhoba nezinhlamvu ze-einkorn nebhali, nembewu yefilakisi nepoppy, kanye nezinhlamvu ama-sloes kanye nembewu ehlukahlukene yamajikijolo akhula endle, nayo yatholwa ohlelweni lwayo lokugaya ukudla.

Kusetshenziswa ezanamuhla Ukuskena kwe-3D ubuchwepheshe, ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuso kudalelwe iSouth Tyrol Museum of Archaeology eBolzano, e-Italy. Kubonisa u-zitzi ebukeka emdala ngeminyaka yakhe engama-45, ngamehlo ansundu ajulile, intshebe, ubuso obumangele nezihlathi ezicwile. Uvezwa njengobukeka ekhathele futhi engahlanzekile.

UÖtzi wayenamathambo angama-61 esewonke, anamaqembu ayi-19 olayini abamnyama aqala ku-1 kuye ku-3 mm ngobukhulu nangu-7 kuye ku-40 mm ubude. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amaqembu emigqa efanayo ehambisana ne-longitudinal axis yomzimba wakhe nakuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomgogodla we-lumbar, kanye nophawu lwesiphambano ngemuva kwedolo langakwesokudla kanye neqakala langakwesokudla, kanye nolayini abafanayo abazungeze isihlakala sesokunxele.

Ukuhlolwa kwamathambo ka-zitzi ngemisebe kubonise “ukuwohloka okuhambisana nobudala noma ukucindezela” okuhambisana nezindawo eziningi ezinamathambo i-osteochondrosis kanye ne-spondylosis encane emgogodleni we-lumbar nokuwohloka kokugqoka nokudonsa emadolweni futhi ikakhulukazi ezinhlangothini zamaqakala.

Kuye kwacatshangelwa ukuthi lawa ma-tattoos angase ahlobene nokwelashwa okuqeda ubuhlungu okufana ne-acupressure noma ukutshopa. Uma kunjalo, lokhu okungenani iminyaka engama-2,000 1,000 ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwabo kokuqala okwaziwa kakhulu eChina, cishe ngo-XNUMX XNUMX BCE. Ukucwaninga kwakamuva kobufakazi bemivubukulo bokudweba imidwebo yasendulo kuqinisekisile ukuthi u-zitzi ungumama womuntu onamathambo omdala kunabo bonke osatholakele.

Iphepha lika-2012 lesazi sezinto zakudala uJohn Hawks lisikisela ukuthi u-zitzi wayenezinga eliphakeme Neanderthal ukhokho kunabantu baseYurophu banamuhla.

Ngo-Okthoba 2013, kwabikwa ukuthi i-19 yesimanje IsiTyrolean amadoda ayeyinzalo ka-zitzi noma eyisihlobo esiseduze sika-Izzi. Ososayensi abavela e-Institute of Legal Medicine e-Innsbruck Medical University babecubungule i-DNA yabangaphezulu kwabangu-3,700 19 baseTyrolean abanikela ngegazi futhi bathola abangu-5,300 ababelana ngokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nale ndoda eneminyaka engu-XNUMX ubudala.

Wayefe kanjani u-Ötzi?

Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi u-Ötzi wabulawa ukuchayeka ngesikhathi sesiphepho sasebusika. Kamuva kwacatshangwa ukuthi u-Ötzi kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyisisulu somhlatshelo ongokwesiko, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuba yisikhulu. Ngo-2001, ukuhlolwa kwe-X-ray ne-CT scan kwaveza ukuthi u-ötzi wayenekhanda lomcibisholo elalifakwe ehlombe lakhe langakwesobunxele lapho eshona, futhi enenyembezi encane efanayo engutsheni yakhe. Lokhu okutholwe kwabangela abacwaningi ukuthi u-Ötzi wabulawa ukopha egazini.

Abaphenyi baphinde bathola ukuthi umcibisholo wakhishwa emzimbeni ka-zitzi ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, kwathi ukuhlolisiswa komzimba kwathola imihuzuko nokusikeka ezandleni, ezihlakaleni nasesifubeni kanye nokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo okukhombisa ukushaywa ekhanda.

I-DNA yamanje ihlaziya isimangalo sokuthi ithole imigqa yegazi evela kwabanye abantu okungenani abane kumathuluzi akhe: eyodwa ngommese wakhe, emibili ekhanda elilodwa lomcibisholo, kanti abanye okusele kubhatshi lakhe. Ukuchazwa kwalokhu okutholakele ukuthi u-Ötzi wabulala abantu ababili ngomcibisholo ofanayo futhi wakwazi ukuwuthola ngazo zombili izikhathi, futhi igazi elalisejazini lakhe lalivela kumlingani olimele okungenzeka ukuthi wayeliphatha emhlane ongezansi.

Amaqiniso amahlanu amangalisayo ngo-Ötzi - i-Iceman

1 | I-Iceman inezihlobo eziphilayo

Ukuxhumana okuphilayo noTyrolean Iceman manje sekuvezwe ucwaningo olusha lwe-DNA. Abaphenyi beGene bathole okungenani izihlobo zofuzo eziyi-19 zika-Ötzi esifundeni saseTyrol e-Austria.

Umdlalo wenziwe ngamasampula abantu abanikela ngegazi abangaziwa abangu-3,700 XNUMX ocwaningweni oluholwa nguWalther Parson e-Innsbruck Medical University.

2 | U-Ötzi wayenezinkinga zempilo eziningana

Ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kusikisela ukuthi uhlu lwezikhalazo lwento engama-40 lubandakanya amalunga agugile, imithambo eqinile, amatshe enyongo, nokukhula kabi kozwane luka-zitzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathumbu ka-Iceman ayequkethe amaqanda ezikelemu, kungenzeka ukuthi wayenesifo seLyme, futhi enamazinga aphezulu e-arsenic ohlelweni lwakhe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukuhlolwa okujulile kwamazinyo kwathola ubufakazi besifo sezinsini esithuthukile nokubola kwamazinyo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA ngoFebhuwari 2012 kwembula ukuthi u-zitzi wayekhona i-lactose engabekezeleli, ukusekela umbono wokuthi ukungabekezelelani kwe-lactose kwakusavamile ngaleso sikhathi, naphezu kokwanda okwandayo kwezolimo nokusabisa.

3 | Indoda yasezintabeni nayo yayinokungajwayelekile komzimba

Ngaphandle kwezifo zakhe zomzimba, u-Iceman wayenokukhubazeka okuningana kokwakheka. Wayengenawo womabili amazinyo okuhlakanipha kanye nezimbambo ezi-12. Kwakukhona negebe le-caddish phakathi kwamazinyo akhe amabili angaphambili, aziwa njenge- umabhebhana.

4 | U-Iceman wafakwa u-inki

Umama ka-Ötzi ofriziwe ugcina iqoqo elihle lamathambo weCopper Age. Zingaphezu kuka-60 sezizonke, zimmboza kusuka ekhanda kuye ezinyaweni. Lokhu akukhiqizwanga kusetshenziswa inaliti, kepha ngokwenza ukusika okuhle esikhunjeni bese ugcoba amalahle. Izindawo ezidwetshwe emzimbeni wakhe seziholele ekutheni abanye abacwaningi bakholelwe ukuthi ama-tattoos amaka amaphuzu wokutholwa ukuze alaphe impilo yakhe ebi.

Uma kunjalo, ubufakazi obudala kunabo bonke bokutholwa kwesikhumba, ama-tattoos ka-Ötzi asikisela ukuthi lo mkhuba wawukhona cishe eminyakeni engu-2,000 XNUMX ngaphambili kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.

5 | Wadla impova nezimbuzi

Isisu sika-Iceman sasiqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene ezingama-30 zempova. Ukuhlaziywa kwalowo mpova kubonisa ukuthi u-Ötzi wafa entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo, futhi kuye kwenza ngisho nabaphenyi bakwazi ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwakhe ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba ngaphambi nje kokuba afe.

Isidlo sakhe sokugcina esesicolekile sikhombisa ukuthi udle amahora amabili ngaphambi kokuphela kabuhlungu. Yayihlanganisa okusanhlamvu nenyama evela embuzini yohlobo lwembuzi, uhlobo lwembuzi yasendle enezinyawo eziqinile.

Isiqalekiso sika-Ötzi

Ithonywe i- “Ukuqalekisa oFaro”Kanye nengqikimba yabezindaba yezidumbu eziqalekisiwe, kuye kwenziwa isimangalo sokuthi u-Ötzi uqalekisiwe.

URainer Henn waba nelungelo lokufaka izinsalela ezibandayo zika-Ötzi esikhwameni somzimba. Ngo-1992, uRainer wayeya emhlanganweni lapho ayehlela khona ukukhuluma ngo-Ötzi. Ngeshwa, uthole ingozi ebulalayo futhi akazange afike lapho ayeya khona. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva konyaka kwembulwe u-zitzi, okwenza uRainer waba yisisulu sokuqala sesiqalekiso sika-Iceman.

UKurt Fritz ungene esikhundleni sakhe emlandweni ngokuhola abacwaningi emzimbeni ka-zitzi. I-avalanche yagcina ngokuthatha impilo yayo ngo-1993 lapho yayineminyaka engama-52. UFritz kwakunguye kuphela ilungu leqembu lakhe elashona ngesikhathi se-avalanche.

UHelmut Simon nomkakhe, u-Erika, bathola u-Ötzi. Ngeshwa, ngo-Okthoba 2004, uHelmut Simon owayengumuntu ohamba izintaba onolwazi wanyamalala e-Alps. Ngenxa yezimo zeqhwa, kubathathe izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili ukuthi bathole isidumbu sakhe. USimon wayewele ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-300 ekufeni kwakhe.

Ngenkathi uHelmut Simon enyamalala e-Alps ngo-2004, uDieter Warnecke wahola iqembu labaseshi. Ekugcineni bathole isidumbu sikaSimon ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili adukile. Emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva komngcwabo kaSimon, uWarnecke, 45, wahlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo washona.

Isazi esihamba phambili emhlabeni ku-zitzi, uKonrad Spindler, akazange akholelwe kulesi siqalekiso. Uze wakloloda ngayo ngesikhathi enengxoxo, ethi, “Ngicabanga ukuthi umthwalo kadoti. Konke kuyisimo sabezindaba. Into elandelayo ozoyisho ngizoyilandela. ” Ngempela, uSpindler wayengumuntu olandelayo ohlobene no-Ötzi ukufa. Wadlula ngo-2005 ngenxa yezinkinga ezivela kwi-multiple sclerosis.

URainer Hölz ​​nguyena kuphela umuntu ovunyelwe ukuqopha ukutholakala kwesidumbu sika-zitzi, futhi kamuva waguqula izithombe zakhe zaba yidokhumentari ethatha ihora lonke. UHölz ushone ngenxa yesimila ebuchosheni ngemuva nje kokuqeda ifilimu.

UTom Loy wayengumcwaningi wokuqala ukuthola ubufakazi obubaluleke kakhulu ezingutsheni zika-Ötzi. Ukuthola kwakhe kukhombisile ukuthi u-Iceman washona ngesikhathi kunodlame olunobudlova, ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlobo eziningi zegazi kwindwangu namathuluzi. Kuyindida ukuthi ekugcineni uLoy washona ngenxa yesifo sofuzo segazi - leso esingatholakalanga kwaze kwaba yilapho uLoy eqala ukufunda izinsalela zika-Ötzi.

Amazwi wokugcina

Kusukela ngo-2017, kushone abantu abayisikhombisa ekutholakaleni kuka-Ötzi. Kubonakala njengenombolo ephezulu, uze ucabangele amakhulu abantu ababambe iqhaza kumaphrojekthi ocwaningo lwe-zitzi eminyakeni edlule. Wonke umuntu kusuka kubaculi bokwakha kabusha kanye nochwepheshe be-DNA kuya kubathengisi bamathikithi emnyuziyamu banokuxhumana no-Iceman wasendulo. Ngamanye amagama, uma kunesiqalekiso ngempela, kufanele kube nokufa okuningi okuningi.

Mhlawumbe u-Ötzi walandela kuphela abantu abahlobene nokutholwa komzimba wakhe kwasekuqaleni. Noma mhlawumbe lezi zinhlekelele zimane nje zenzeka nje ngeshwa.