I-Obelisk, insika ende, enamacala amane, ethambile yensika ye-monolithic, ephela ngokuma okufana nepiramidi. Ezihlokweni ezinkulu zamazwe emhlabeni wonke, ungabona lesi sakhiwo eside, esibhalwe phansi. Ngakho-ke uqhamuka kanjani lo mfanekiso oyisithonjana, vele?
Ama-obelisk okuqala akhiwa ngu abaseGibhithe lasendulo. Aqoshwa etsheni futhi abekwa ngababili emnyango wamathempeli njengezinto ezingcwele ezazifanekisela unkulunkulu welanga, uRa. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuma kwakufanekisela i-sun ray eyodwa. Njengalokhu, kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngama-Obelisk, amanye awo amangalisa ngempela. Lapha, kule ndatshana, kunamaqiniso ayi-10 athakazelisa kakhulu ngama-Obelisk azokhipha ingqondo yakho.
1 | Zakhiwa AbaseGibhithe Lasendulo, Yize Kuphela Abambalwa Abahlala EGibhithe
AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babefaka amabhangqa ama-obelisk emasangweni amathempeli abo. Ngokusho kukaGordon, amakholomu ayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu welanga waseGibhithe, futhi mhlawumbe amele imisebe yokukhanya. Zivame ukufakwa ngegolide, noma ingxubevange yemvelo yegolide nesiliva ebizwa ngokuthi i-electrum, ukuze ibambe imisebe yokuqala yokukhanya kwasekuseni. Ama-obelisk aseGibhithe angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili asamile, yize eyisishiyagalombili kuphela awo aseGibhithe. Zonke ezinye zisakazeke emhlabeni wonke, kungaba yizipho ezivela kuhulumeni waseGibhithe noma impango yabahlaseli bakwamanye amazwe.
Amatshe ayisishiyagalombili amakhulu aseGibhithe:
Kunama-Obelisk amakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, asele eGibhithe namuhla:
- Ithempeli laseKarnak, iThebes - elisungulwe yiNkosi King Tuthmosis I.
- Ithempeli laseKarnak, iThebes - elisungulwe yiNdlovukazi uHatshepsut, eyi-obelisk yesibili (ewile)
- Ithempeli laseKarnak, iThebes - likhuliswe nguSeti II (7m).
- Ithempeli laseLuxor - elisungulwe nguRamses II.
- ILuxor Museum - ekhuliswe nguRamses II
- IHeliopolis, eCairo - ikhuliswe nguSenusret I.
- IGezira Island, eCairo - esungulwe yiRamses II (20.4m high / 120 tons).
- ICairo International Airport - esungulwe yiRamses II 16.97m ukuphakama.
2 | I-Obelisk Yasetshenziswa Ekubalweni Kokuqala Kokuzungeza Komhlaba
Cishe ngo-250 BC, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki okuthiwa u-Eratosthenes wasebenzisa i-obelisk ukuthola umjikelezo woMhlaba. Wayazi ukuthi emini nge-Summer Solstice, ama-obelisk edolobheni laseSwelet (i-Aswan yanamuhla) ngeke abeke isithunzi ngoba ilanga laliyoba ngaphezulu phezulu (noma zero degrees up). Wayazi nokuthi ngaso leso sikhathi e-Alexandria, ama-obelisk ayenza izithunzi.
Walinganisa leso sithunzi ngaphesheya kwetshe le-obelisk, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umehluko emazingeni aphakathi kwe-Alexandria ne-Swenet: ama-degree ayisikhombisa, imizuzu eyi-14 — eyodwa-engamashumi amahlanu ukuzungeza kwendilinga. Usebenzise ibanga elibonakalayo phakathi kwamadolobha womabili futhi waphetha ngokuthi ukuzungeza koMhlaba (ngamayunithi anamuhla) amakhilomitha angama-40,000. Lena akuyona inombolo eyiyo, yize izindlela zakhe zaziphelele: ngaleso sikhathi kwakungenakwenzeka ukwazi ibanga eliqondile phakathi kwe-Alexandria neSwelet.
Uma sisebenzisa ifomula ka-Eratosthenes namuhla, sithola inombolo isondele ngokumangazayo kuzungezo langempela loMhlaba. Eqinisweni, ngisho nesibalo sakhe esingafanele sasiqonde kakhulu kunaleso esasetshenziswa uChristopher Columbus eminyakeni engu-1700 kamuva.
3 | Ama-Obelisk Wangempela Enziwa Ngetshe Elilodwa Lamatshe
Ama-obelisk wangempela akhuleliswa abaseGibhithe lasendulo "yi-monolithic," noma enziwe ngocezu olulodwa lwetshe. I-obelisk enkabeni ye-Place de la Concorde, isibonelo, i-monolithic. Ineminyaka engama-3300 ubudala futhi yake yamaka umnyango wethempeli laseThebes eGibhithe.
4 | I-Obelisk Engapheli Yase-Aswan
I-Obelisk enkulu engakaqedwa ye-Aswan ithathwa njenge-Obelisk enkulu kunazo zonke ezakhiwa ngumuntu emhlabeni. Yenzelwe ukuthi ibe yi-obelisk ende engama-42m enesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ayi-1,200. Leli obelisk empeleni likhulu ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kunanoma iliphi i-obelisk laseGibhithe Lasendulo.
Indaba emangalisayo yesakhiwo sayo ayiqedanga njengangesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwayo nangesikhathi isusa ibhulokhi lamatshe esizalweni sikanina, kwaqhamuka uqhekeko olukhulu olwenza leli tshe lingasebenziseki. INdlovukazi uHatshepsut ihlose ukuyakha endaweni yelinye i-obelisk ebizwa namuhla ngokuthi "I-Lateran Obelisk".
I-obelisk engakaqedwa kungenzeka yatholwa ngokufaka imbobo edwaleni ngokuya ngamamaki akuyo. Isisekelo se-obelisk sisanamathele edwaleni lwale nkwali yegranite e-Aswan. Kukholakala ukuthi abaseGibhithe lasendulo babesebenzisa amabhola amancane amaminerali, anzima kune-granite, awaziwa nge-dolerite.
5 | Babenzima Ngempela, Ngempela Ukwakha
Akekho owazi kahle ukuthi kungani kwakhiwa ama-obelisk, noma kanjani. I-Granite inzima impela — i-6.5 esikalini se-Mohs (idayimane liyi-10) - futhi ukuyilolonga, udinga okuthile okunzima kakhulu. Izinsimbi ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi zazithambile kakhulu (igolide, ithusi, ithusi) noma kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisela amathuluzi (iphuzu lokuncibilika kwensimbi lingu-1,538 ° C; abaseGibhithe babengeke bancibilikise insimbi kuze kube ngu-600 BC).
Cishe abaseGibhithe babesebenzisa amabhola e-dolerite ukubumba la matshe, okuyinto uGordon ephawula ukuthi yayiyoyidinga “imizamo yabantu engapheli.” Amakhulu ezisebenzi bekungadingeka ukuthi ngamunye agxobe i-granite ngomumo besebenzisa amabhola e-dolerite anesisindo esifinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-12. Lokhu akubhekisisi ngisho nenkinga yokuthi umuntu angahambisa kanjani ikholomu engamamitha ayikhulu, amathani angama-100 ukusuka enkwalini iye lapho iya khona. Ngenkathi kunemibono eminingi, akekho owaziyo ngqo ukuthi bakwenze kanjani.
6 | I-Obelisk Isizile Abavubukuli Bahumusha i-Hieroglyphics
Kuze kube yikhulu le-19 leminyaka, imidwebo ye-hieroglyphics kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayinakuhumushwa — izimpawu eziyimfihlakalo ezingenawo umyalezo ohambisanayo ngaphansi. UJean-François Champollion, isazi sezilimi saseGibhithe nesazi sezilimi, wacabanga ngokwehlukile, wakwenza kwaba inhloso yempilo yakhe ukuzithola. Impumelelo yakhe yokuqala yavela eRosetta Stone, lapho ahlukanisa khona igama elithi "Ptolemy" kusuka kuzimpawu.
Ngo-1819, kwatholakala nokuthi “uPtolemy” ubhalwe ku-obelisk owawusanda kubuyiselwa eNgilandi — itshe likaPhilae. I- “p,” “o,” ne- “l” ku-obelisk nayo yavela kwenye indawo kuyo, ezindaweni ezifanele ukupela igama elithi “Cleopatra” (iNdlovukazi uCleopatra IX kaPtolemy). Ngalezo zinkomba, futhi esebenzisa le obelisk, uChampollion wakwazi ukuqhekeza ikhodi engaqondakali yama-hieroglyphics, ehumusha amagama abo futhi ngaleyo ndlela evula izimfihlo zeGibhithe lasendulo.
7 | Ama-Obeliski amadala kakhulu asele Amadala Njengomlando Wesintu Orekhodiwe
Amatshe amadala amadala acishe abe madala ngendlela engenakwenzeka — asendulo ngisho nangezindinganiso zasendulo. USeaton Schroeder, unjiniyela owasiza ukuletha iCleopatra's Needle eCentral Park, wayibiza ngokuthi “Amandla esikhumbuzo esidala,” futhi waphawula kahle, “Kusukela emifanekisweni eqoshiwe ebhalwe ebusweni bayo sifunda ngeminyaka engaphambi kwezenzakalo eziningi ezaqoshwa emlandweni wasendulo; UTroy wayengawanga, uHomer akazalwanga, ithempeli likaSolomoni alizange lakhiwe; futhi iRoma yavela, yanqoba umhlaba, futhi yadlula emlandweni ngenkathi lo mlando onzima wezikhathi zokuthula wawubekezelela isimo sezulu. ”
8 | I-Obelisk Yesikwele SikaPetru E-Vatican City Empeleni Yayisuka E-Egypt
I-obelisk emi enkabeni yeSaint Peter's Square eVictoria City yi-obelisk yaseGibhithe eneminyaka engama-4,000 37 eyalethwa eRoma isuka e-Alexandria ngumbusi uCaligula ngo-1585 AD. Esikhathini esingaphezu kwenkulungwane nengxenye kamuva, ngo-XNUMX, uPapa Sixtus V wayala ukuba itshe lisuswe endaweni yalo eseSekisini lasendulo likaNero liye esigcawini esingaphambi kwesonto.
Yize bekuwuhambo olufushane lokuthatha uhambo olungamamitha angama-275, ukuhambisa into enkulu kangaka yamatshe (amamitha angama-83 ubude namathani angama-326, ukuthi abe ngqo) noma ngabe lelo banga bekuyingozi enkulu, futhi akekho owaziyo ukuthi angakwenza kanjani. Wonke umuntu ubekhathazekile, ethi "Uma kwenzeka yephuka?"
Ikomidi elikhethekile lathumela isimemezelo seziphakamiso zokwenza lo msebenzi omkhulu, futhi amakhulu onjiniyela bathutheleka eRoma ukuletha imibono yabo. Ekugcineni, umakhi wezakhiwo uDomenico Fontana unqobe izimbangi zakhe eziningi; waklama umbhoshongo wokhuni owawuzokwakhiwa uzungeze i-obelisk, exhunywe ohlelweni lwezintambo namapulisi.
9 | I-Luxor Obelisk Esikhungweni Sendawo de la Concorde, eParis
Ama-Luxor Obelisk angama-obelisk akudala aseGibhithe aqoshwe ukuze ame ngapha nangapha kwesango leThempeli laseLuxor ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaRamesses II. I-obelisk engakwesokunxele ihlala endaweni yayo eGibhithe, kepha itshe lesandla sokudla, elingamamitha angama-75 ukuphakama, manje selisenkabeni yePlace de la Concorde eParis, eFrance. Iphuzu le-obelisk le-Luxor elime endaweni yase-Place de la Concorde likhombise isikhathi samazwe ngamazwe, okwenza kube yisikhathi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Futhi kuyisikhumbuzo esidala kunazo zonke eParis.
Ama-obelisk aneminyaka engu-3,000 21 ubudala ekuqaleni zombili zazingaphandle kweLuxor Temple. Isibonelo seParis safika okokuqala eParis ngomhla zingama-1833 kuZibandlela (25 Disemba) ngo-1836, lapho sasithunyelwe sisuka eLuxor sidlula e-Alexandria naseCherbourg, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ngomhlaka-XNUMX Okthoba XNUMX, sayiswa enkabeni ye-Place de la Concorde yiNkosi uLouis-Phillipe.
I-Obelisk yayinikezwe iFrance nguMuhammad Ali Pasha, umbusi wase-Ottoman Egypt ngokushintshana newashi lomshini laseFrance. Ngemuva kokuthi i-Obelisk ithathiwe, iwashi lomshini elihlinzekwe ngokushintshanisa latholakala ukuthi alinaphutha, mhlawumbe lonakaliswe ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Iwashi lisekhona embhoshongweni wewashi eCairo Citadel futhi alisasebenzi namanje.
10 | Obelisk Omude Kunabo Bonke Emhlabeni Isikhumbuzo SaseWashington
Okokuqala ukukhulelwa ngo-1832, iSikhumbuzo saseWashington, esihlonipha uGeorge Washington, umongameli wokuqala wase-United States, sathatha amashumi eminyaka ukusakha. Ngokomthetho, isakhiwo eside kunazo zonke esifundeni saseColombia, futhi siphindwe kabili kunanoma iyiphi enye i-obelisk emhlabeni. Ihlukile kwezinye zezikhumbuzo eWashington.
Isisekelo seSikhumbuzo saseWashington sinombala ohlukile kunaphezulu. Iphrojekthi yaqala ngo-1848, kodwa imali yaphela ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zendlela - ngakho yahlala ingapheli, iminyaka engama-25 eyalandela. Onjiniyela kamuva bazama ukufanisa imabula yoqobo, kepha ukuguguleka nokuguguleka kwathinta okwehlukile izinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kwabangela umehluko omkhulu ekubukekeni kwazo.
Ibhonasi:
Inaliti kaCleopatra
ICentral Park eNew York iyikhaya le-obelisk yaseGibhithe eneminyaka engu-3,500 200 edume kakhulu ngokuthi iCleopatra's Needle. Inesisindo esingamathani angama-1877, yanikezwa i-United States ngo-XNUMX ukubonga i-US ukuthi ingaphazamisi ezombusazwe zaseGibhithe.
