Umhlaba ugcwele umlando namaqiniso angajwayelekile futhi ahlekisayo, futhi umhlaba wezokwelapha ngokuqinisekile awukho. Nsuku zonke isayensi yethu yezokwelapha isingatha amacala anjalo axakile futhi ibhekene nezimo ezinzima ezingavamile ngempela nezimangaza ngasikhathi sinye. Lapha, kule ndatshana, kunamaqiniso angama-50 anjalo axakile axhumene nesayensi yezokwelapha ezokwenza ucabange kabili.
1 | Udokotela ohlinzayo uLeonid Rogozov wenza ukuhlinzwa kwakhe
Ngo-1961, udokotela ohlinzayo ogama lakhe linguLeonid Rogozov wathola ukuthi une-appendicitis ebukhali ngesikhathi ese-Antarctica njengengxenye yohambo lwaseRussia. Ngaphandle kwezinye izinketho, wazihlinza yena ngaphezu kwamahora amabili.
2 | Umalaleveva ngokwawo wawuwumuthi osindisa ukuphila
Umalaleveva wake wasetshenziswa ukwelapha ugcunsula. UDkt Wagner von Jauregg wajova abagulayo ngegazi eline-malaria, okwenza umkhuhlane omkhulu kakhulu ekugcineni owawuzosibulala lesi sifo. UJauregg uzuze uMklomelo kaNobel ngalolu hlobo lokwelashwa futhi lwaqhubeka lusetshenziswa kwaze kwaba yilapho kwenziwa i-penicillin.
3 | Isifo i-Alzheimer's asithinti inkumbulo yemizwa
Isifo i-Alzheimer asithinti inkumbulo engokomzwelo ngokuqinile njengenkumbulo yolwazi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindaba ezimbi zesiguli sika-Alzheimer zizokhohlwa ngokushesha izindaba, kepha zizohlala zidabukile futhi zingazi ukuthi kungani.
4 | Abangakhulumi
I-Möbius syndrome yisifo esingajwayelekile lapho kukhubazeka khona imisipha yobuso. Ezimweni eziningi, amehlo nawo awakwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi aye kolunye uhlangothi. Lesi sifo sivimbela ogulayo ekubeni abhekane nesimo sobuso, esingabenza babonakale bengenantshisekelo noma “bebuthuntu” - kwesinye isikhathi okuholela ekutheni abantu bacabange ukuthi banokudelela.
Abagulayo bakhula ngendlela evamile ngokuphelele. Izimbangela aziqondakali ngokuphelele futhi alukho umuthi ngaphandle kokubhekana nezimpawu, njengokwehluleka ukondla usana.
5 | ICapgras Delusion
UStephen King wake wathi mayelana nokwesaba, "Kulapho ufika ekhaya futhi uqaphela ukuthi konke onakho kuthathiwe futhi kwathathelwa indawo enye ngqo." I-Capgras Delusion iyinto efana naleyo, kuphela esikhundleni sokuthi kube yizinto zakho, umndeni wakho wabangane nabathandekayo.
Yethiwa ngoJoseph Capgras, udokotela wezifo zengqondo waseFrance owayethatheka yinkohliso yokuphindeka kabili, iCapgras Delusion ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuqeda amandla lapho umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi abantu ababazungezile bathathelwe indawo ngabakhohlisi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bakhohlisi bavame ukucatshangwa ukuthi bahlela ukulimaza ogulayo. ICapGras Delusion ayivamile, futhi ivame ukubonwa ngemuva kokuhlukumezeka ebuchosheni, noma kulabo okutholwe ukuthi bane-dementia, i-schizophrenia, noma isithuthwane.
6 | Isifo esiyinqaba se-autoamputation
Kunesimo sezokwelapha esixakile esibizwa Ainhum, noma owaziwa nangokuthi I-Dactylolysis Spontanea, lapho inzwane yomuntu ivele iwele kokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu ngokuzenzekelayo okuzenzakalelayo ngaphakathi kweminyaka noma izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi odokotela abanaso isiphetho esicacile sokuthi kungani kwenzeka ngempela. Alikho ikhambi.
7 | I-Anatidaephobia
I-Anatidaephobia ukwesaba ukuthi endaweni ethile emhlabeni, ngandlela thile, idada likubhekile. Yize kunjalo, ogulayo akesabi ukuthi idada noma ihansi lizobahlasela noma libathinte.
8 | Lapho esakho isandla siphenduka isitha sakho
Lapho bethi izandla ezingenzi lutho ziyizinto zikaSathane zokudlala, bebengadlali. Cabanga nje ulele embhedeni ulele ngokuthula bese ubamba umphimbo wakho ngokuzumayo. Isandla sakho, sinomqondo uqobo, ukugula okubizwa nge-Alien Hand Syndrome (AHS) noma uDkt Strangelove Syndrome. Alikho ikhambi lalesi sifo esixakile.
Futhi ngenhlanhla amacala angekho kangako kangangoba angaba izibalo, kube khona amacala aqoshiwe angama-40 kuye kwangama-50 selokhu akhonjwa futhi akusona isifo esisongela impilo.
9 | Ibala lesandla sikaShreya
Ngo-2017, uShreya Siddanagowder wathola ukufakelwa kwesandla sokuqala kwe-intergender e-Asia. Wenziwa umsebenzi wokufakelwa amahora angu-13 owenziwa yiqembu lodokotela abahlinzayo abangama-20 nodokotela ababulala izinzwa abangu-16. Izandla zakhe ezifakiwe zivela endodeni eneminyaka engama-21 eyashona ngemuva kokuphahlazeka kwebhayisikili. Ingxenye exaka kakhulu yale ndaba ukuthi izandla zakhe ezintsha zashintsha ithoni yesikhumba ngokungalindelekile futhi kancane kancane waba ngowesifazane eminyakeni edlule.
10 | I-Teratoma
Ezinye izicubu zingaqukatha amaphakethe ezinwele, amazinyo, ithambo futhi, kuyaqabukela, kube nezitho eziyinkimbinkimbi noma izinqubo ezifana nodaba lobuchopho, amehlo, isibilini, nezandla, izinyawo, noma ezinye izitho. Ibizwa nge- “Teratoma”.
11 | Umlomo wowesifazane wakhulelwa ama-squids
Owesifazane oneminyaka engu-63 ubudala waseSeoul ubedla ama-squid aphekiwe esidlweni sakhe endaweni yokudlela yasendaweni kodwa kwagcina ngokungajwayelekile. Wayethokozela ama-squid akhe lapho esinye sezilwane, esivele sithosiwe, ngokuzumayo sagcwalisa umlomo wakhe ngesidoda saso.
Owesifazane wayikhamisa ngokushesha, kepha waqhubeka nokunambitha 'into engaziwa' noma ngabe uhlanze kaninginingi. Ekugcineni, waya esibhedlela lapho odokotela bakhipha khona izidalwa ezincane ezimhlophe eziyi-12 zomlomo omncane.
12 | Ukuhlolwa kuka-Alex Carrel
Udokotela ohlinzayo ogama lakhe lingu-Alexis Carrel ukwazile ukugcina izicubu zenhliziyo yenkukhu ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ngaphandle kokunamathiselwa emzimbeni, lokhu kubhekwa njengamaseli, “okungafi.”
13 | Ihlaya elibulalayo
Ngo-2010, indoda eneminyaka engu-59 yaseSzechuan, eChina, yafika esibhedlela inezinhlungu ezinamandla esiswini nasezimpondweni zokopha. Ngenkathi odokotela benza i-X-ray belindele ukubona isimila noma okunye ukulimala kwangaphakathi, bathola ukuthi kukhona inhlanzi ye-eel ehlala emathunjini akhe. Njengoba kwenzeka, lokhu kwaba ngumphumela wehlaya elinobungane - ngesinye sezikhukhula, le ndoda yadakwa yalala. Abangane bakhe banquma ukubeka i-eel ngemuva kwakhe, ukuze nje bazijabulise. Ihlaya lagcina ngokubulala - ezinsukwini eziyishumi, le ndoda yafa.
14 | Ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo okungavamile
Ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa okubulala izinzwa nezimpande kudokotela wakhe wamazinyo, indoda eneminyaka engu-38 ibilokhu ibhekene nohlobo lwangempela lwe-'Groundhog Day 'lokulahleka kwememori. Engxenyeni engcono yeshumi leminyaka, uvuke njalo ekuseni ecabanga ukuthi usuku lokuqokwa kwamazinyo wakhe wokuqala.
15 | Ukuhlolwa okunonya okwenziwa udokotela wamaNazi uJosef Mengele
Udokotela wamaNazi ogama lakhe linguJosef Mengele uthunge amawele amabili ndawonye emuva ukuze azame ukudala amawele ahlanganisiwe. Izingane zibulawe yisilonda esibucayi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zihlupheka. Wenza izivivinyo eziningi ezinjalo ezinonya, ebulala izinkulungwane zabantu abangenacala. Waziwa ngokuthi “iNgelosi Yokufa.”
16 | I-Apotemnophilia
I-Apotemnophilia noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Body Integrity Identity Disorder. Hhayi-ke, ukukubeka ngembaba, abantu ababonisa lesi sifo banesifiso esinamandla kakhulu sokunquma isitho esisodwa noma zonke. Balungile ngokuphelele ngakho; empeleni, kumele kubhekwe eduze uma kuxilongwa ngokwesaba ukuthi bangase bazame ukufeza isifiso sabo. Nakuba kungekona ukuzibulala ngokobuchwepheshe njengoba izisulu zingakufuni ngempela ukufa, ukufa kuyinto engenzeka kakhulu.
17 | Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo kwe-schizophrenia
ISchizophrenia ingatholakala ukuthi inokunemba okungu-98.3% kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okulula okulandela ukungajwayelekile kokuhamba kwamehlo.
18 | IStockholm Syndrome
Isici esivelele kunazo zonke izinkinga noma izimo zezokwelapha yiStockholm Syndrome, lapho abathumbi bathuthukisa umfelandawonye wezengqondo nabathumbi babo ngesikhathi bethunjiwe.
Esinye sezibonelo esaziwa kakhulu sesisulu esine-Stockholm syndrome nguPatty Hearst, indlalifa eyaziwayo yezindaba eyathunjwa ngo-1974 yiSymbionese Liberation Army (SLA). Ujoyine udaba lwabo, waze watholwa enecala lokubasiza ngokubamba inkunzi ibhange.
19 | UD'Zhana Simmons wayephila ngaphandle kwenhliziyo
U-D'Zhana Simmons oneminyaka eyishumi nane uphile izinsuku eziyi-118 engenanhliziyo. Wayenamaphampu amabili agcina igazi lakhe ligeleza kuze kufike inhliziyo yomuntu onikelayo.
20 | Isifo sofuba senkomo singalwa nomdlavuza
Ukwelapha umdlavuza wesinye, odokotela bajova amabhaktheriya esifo sofuba enkomeni yakho yomchamo. Ukusabela komzimba okulandelayo kubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza, kanti ukwelashwa kukhonjiswe ukuthi kusebenza kakhulu kune-chemotherapy.
21 | Isifo esikwenza ungazwani namanzi
Abaningi bethu bathatha izihlambi futhi babhukude emachibini ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili. Kepha kubantu abane-Aquagenic Urticaria, ukuxhumana okungajwayelekile namanzi kubangela ukuthi baphume bangene ezindlekweni. Bangu-31 kuphela abantu abatholakale benalesi sifo esingajwayelekile kanti iningi labo bekungabantu besifazane.
Ngokusho kweNational Institutes of Health, abantu abanalesi sifo bavame ukugeza ngesoda bese bemboza imizimba yabo ngokhilimu ukuze bakwazi ukubhekana nalesi sifo. Kuyisifo esiyinqaba ngempela ukwenza impilo yomuntu ibe yisihogo.
22 | Izwi engqondweni: Esinye sezimo ezingavamile emlandweni wezokwelapha
Icala lezokwelapha eliyinqaba lango-1984 lichaza ukuthi owesifazane waseBrithani onempilo obizwa ngo-'AB 'waqala ukuzwa izwi ekhanda lakhe. Leli zwi limtshele ukuthi unesimila ebuchosheni, ukuthi likhona kuphi isimila nokuthi uzolilapha kanjani. Yize bengenazo ezinye izimpawu, odokotela bagcine be-oda ukuhlolwa futhi bathola isimila ngqo lapho izwi lathi lizoba khona. Lo mcimbi oyisimangaliso wabikwa okokuqala esidlangalaleni kumagazini i-British Medical Journal yango-1997 lapho leli phephandaba lalibizwa khona ngokuthi, “Icala elinzima: Ukuxilongwa okwenziwe ngamaphimbo ahlanganisayo.”
23 | IHemlock Water Dropwort
IHemlock Water Dropwort iyisitshalo esinoshevu esishiya isisulu simomotheka ebusweni lapho sifa.
24 | Ubumpumputhe obuyinqaba
Isiguli saseJalimane, okukhulunywa ngaso kuphela njenge-BT, saphuphuthekiswa ngengozi embi, salimaza ingxenye yobuchopho bayo obabhekene nokubona. Ekugcineni, waba nobuntu obuningi futhi abanye babo babekwazi nokubona.
25 | Udokotela omangalelwe kakhulu
Udokotela osolwa kakhulu eMlandweni WaseMelika udokotela ohlinzayo wamathambo waseHouston u-Eric Scheffey oteketiswe ngokuthi uDkt Evil. Uke wamangalelwa amahlandla angama-78. Okungenani iziguli zakhe ezi-5 zishonile, kanti ezinye ezingamakhulu zilimale kanzima. Kuthathe iminyaka engama-24 ukuthi abalawuli bezwe kanye nomphakathi wezokwelapha bamvimbe.
26 | Ukuhilikizela okude ngempela
Umculi uChris Sands waquleka iminyaka emibili nengxenye ngenxa yesimila ebuchosheni. Ungene izikhathi ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-20 kulesi sikhathi. Yelapheka ngemva kokuhlinzwa ngempumelelo.
27 | Indlela eyinqaba yokuhlinzwa
U-surfer wakhipha ukukhula ebusweni beso lakhe ngokugibela igagasi elingamamitha angu-32 bese ecwilisa ikhanda lakhe emanzini. Kwasebenza, kodwa udokotela wancoma “indlela evamile yendabuko” ngokuzayo.
28 | I-dermatography
Ukuphazamiseka kwesikhumba ngenxa yokuthi ama-welts avela ebusweni besikhumba lapho isikhumba siklwebheka. Lawa mamaki avame ukunyamalala kungakapheli imizuzu engama-30. Ama-welts avela ngenxa ye-histamine ekhishwe ngamangqamuzana omzimba ebusweni besikhumba. Imvamisa iphathwa yi-antihistamine kanye nezinye izidakamizwa.
29 | I-Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Iqembu lezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zezicubu ezixhuma zofuzo livela ngenxa yokushoda kwe-collagen noma i-collagen. Kubanga isikhumba se-hyperelastic, amalunga e-hyper-flexible, iminwe ekhubazekile, nezinye izinkinga eziningi ezibuhlungu. Ukungabikho kwe-collagen kwenza lezi zicubu zinwebe kubangele i-Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS). I-EDS kwesinye isikhathi ingaholela ezinkingeni ezisongela impilo njenge-aortic dissection.
30 | I-syncope ye-micturition
I-Micturition syncope yinto yokulahleka kwesikhashana kokuqonda lapho uchama. Ukulahlekelwa ukwazi akuhlali isikhathi eside. Abagulayo kwesinye isikhathi bangaquleka ngokukhwehlela, ukuzikhulula, nokuhlanza futhi. Imvamisa, lesi simo senzeka kowesilisa.
31 | Indoda ishayisane nesikole sezinhlanzi
Indoda eneminyaka engu-52 ibibhukuda oLwandle Olubomvu ngesikhathi ishayisana nesikole sezinhlanzi. Kamuva, le ndoda yaba nejwabu leso elivuvukile neliminyene elingapholi. Odokotela bahlinza iso lakhe futhi bakhipha lokho okwabonakala kamuva kungamathambo emihlathi yenye yalezo zinhlanzi.
32 | I-Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome
Ngemva kokushelela idiski emhlane, indoda yaseWisconsin u-Dale Decker waqala ukuba nama-orgasm afinyelela kwangu-100 nsuku zonke, ngenxa yesimo esingajwayelekile esibizwa nge-Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome (PSAS).
33 | Ukulunywa kuThikhi ye-Lone Star
Ukulunywa yi-Lone Star Tick kungenza umuntu abe ne-aleji ebusayo enyameni ebomvu! Njengoba kwenzekile kuJoy Cowdery e-Australia nakwabanye abaningi emhlabeni jikelele eminyakeni yamuva.
34 | UDokotela Eugene Lazowski wasindisa amaJuda ayi-8,000
Udokotela wasePoland u-Eugene Lazowski wasindisa amaJuda angama-8,000 ngesikhathi sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe ngokujova amaseli we-typhus afile kuwo, awavumela ukuthi ahlolwe ukuthi une-typhus yize ayephilile. AmaJalimane ayesaba lesi sifo esithathelwanayo kakhulu futhi enqaba ukubadingisela emakamu okuhlushwa.
35 | Isifo X
Kunomuntu oyedwa emhlabeni one- “Syndrome X” evimbela ukuguga okuvamile. UBrooke Greenberg uneminyaka engama-20 futhi ubonakala enonyaka owodwa ubudala.
36 | Ilangabi lethemba
ELondon, e-Ontario kwavutha ilangabi lethemba ngo-1989 njengesipho sokuhlonipha uDkt Frederick Banting nabo bonke abantu asebelahlekelwe yimiphefumulo yabo ngenxa yesifo sikashukela. Ilangabi lizohlala likhanyisiwe kuze kube yilapho kukhona ikhambi lesifo sikashukela.
37 | Owesifazane wazihlinzela ngokuhlinzwa
U-Inés Ramírez Pérez, owesifazane waseMexico futhi ongumama wezingane eziyisishiyagalombili, owayengazange aqeqeshelwe ubudokotela wenza iSigaba Sokuhlinzwa esiphumelelayo kuye. Ngamahora ayi-12 obuhlungu obuqhubekayo wayesebenzisa ummese wasekhishini nezingilazi ezintathu zotshwala obunzima ngenkathi umyeni wakhe ephuza endaweni yokucima ukoma.
38 | Ukufika okukhulu
Ingane encane eneminyaka emine ubudala egama linguDylan Hayes yasinda ekuweni okuyizitezi ezintathu ngokudutshulwa kabili yabe isihlala ngezinyawo zayo ngokuyisimangaliso.
39 | Ongaziwa esibukweni
Ngenkathi iCapgras Syndrome iyisimo lapho isiguli sicabanga ukuthi abathandekayo baso bathathelwa indawo ngabakhohlisi. Kwakukhona futhi icala elihlasimulisayo lomuntu oneminyaka engu-78 ubudala owayeqiniseka ukuthi ukubonakala kwakhe esibukweni sokugezela kwakuyisihambi, owayefana naye ncamashi.
40 | Isizini yokubulala
"Isikhathi Sokubulala" yigama lezokwelapha laseBrithani elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza isikhathi esenzeka ngo-Agasti, lapho odokotela abasanda kuqeqeshwa bajoyina iNational Health Service.
41 | U-Gabby Gingras akakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu
UGabby Gingras uyintombazane encane ejwayelekile ngaphandle kokuthi akakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu! Umzimba wakhe awukaze wakhe imicu yezinzwa ethola ubuhlungu. Wakwazi ukukhipha amazinyo akhe, wafaka iminwe yakhe, walahlekelwa umbono ngeso elilodwa futhi washaya ikhanda lakhe etafuleni ngaphandle kokuzwa lutho.
42 | I-Hyperthymesia: Abalokothi bakhohlwe
UJill Price unesimo esingajwayelekile esaziwa njenge-hyperthymesia. Akanalo ikhono lokukhohlwa izinto. Njengoba wayeneminyaka eyi-14, wayekhumbula yonke imininingwane empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke. Ngenkathi ungacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungamandla amakhulu, wathi ingqondo yakhe igcwele izinkumbulo ezicacile, ezinye zezinto angathanda ukungazikhumbuli.
43 | I-love bite nayo ingabulala ngenye indlela
I-hickey idale ukuhlukumezeka komuntu wesifazane okungaqondile okuholele ekushayweni unhlangothi okuncane. Owesifazane oneminyaka engama-44 uqale ukubona ukuthi ingalo yakhe ibiqala ukuba buthakathaka ngemuva kwezinsuku zokuzilungiselela futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uthole kudokotela ukuthi ushaywe yisifo sohlangothi esincane ngenxa yegazi elivele ngenxa yokulunywa uthando.
44 | Isifo esikwenza ukholwe ukuthi ufile
Labo abahlupheka yi-Cotard's Delusion banesiqiniseko sokuthi bafile futhi bayabola noma okungenani balahlekelwa izitho zomzimba.
Imvamisa bayenqaba ukudla noma ukugeza ngenxa yokukhathazeka, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abanayo inqubo yokugaya ukudla yokuphatha ukudla noma ukuthi amanzi azogeza izitho zomzimba ezibuthaka.
Isifo sikaCotard sidalwa ukwehluleka ezindaweni zobuchopho eziqaphela imizwa, okuholele kwimizwa yokuhlangana.
45 | U-Lina Medina: Umama omncane emlandweni
Ngo-1939, umama wayecabanga ukuthi ingane yakhe eneminyaka emihlanu yayiphethwe yisisu ngoba wayenesisu esiphumayo, ngakho wamyisa kudokotela futhi wathola okungenakwenzeka: wayekhulelwe. Ingane kwakunguLina Medina owaqala ukuthomba esemncane futhi ungumama omncane oqinisekisiwe emlandweni wezokwelapha. Yize kunjalo, ubaba omzalayo akakaze akhonjwe.
46 | Ubuchopho bakho buhlale buhlakaniphe kunawe
Ubuchopho bakho benza izinqumo ezibonakala ngathi ziyazi imizuzwana engu-7 ngaphambi kokuba uzazi.
47 | Owesifazane othwele umbungu esibelethweni sakhe amashumi eminyaka
Owesifazane waseChile, u-Estela Meléndez, ubeseneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-65 ethwele umbungu esiswini sakhe. Ngo-2015, lapho odokotela beqala ukukuthola lokhu, banquma ukuhlinza ukukhipha umbungu. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bakubona kuyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yobudala bakhe - iminyaka engama-91 ubudala. Yize umbungu ungadala ukungaphatheki kahle kukaMeléndez kwesinye isikhathi, odokotela bathi ubaliwe ngakho-ke ubungozi.
48 | Kuyashesha kodwa kuyabulala!
Ngo-1847, udokotela wanquma ukunqunywa imizuzwana engama-25, esebenza ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuthi wanquma nangengozi iminwe yomsizi wakhe. Bobabili kamuva babulawa yi-sepsis, kanti isibukeli kubikwa ukuthi sabulawa wukushaqeka, okwaholela enqubweni yokwelashwa kuphela eyaziwa ngezinga lokushona lika-300%.
49 | I-Stone Man Syndrome
I-Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Stone Man Syndrome yisifo sezicubu esingajwayelekile kakhulu esiguqula izicubu ezilimele zibe ithambo emzimbeni.
50 | U-Olivia Farnsworth: Ukususwa kweChromosome 6
Okuwukuphela kwecala elaziwayo le- "Chromosome 6p Deletion" lapho umuntu engabuzwa ubuhlungu, indlala, noma isidingo sokulala (futhi ngemuva kwalokho angabi novalo) yintombazane yase-UK egama lingu-Olivia Farnsworth. Ngo-2016, washayiswa yimoto wahudulwa amamitha angama-30, nokho akezwanga lutho futhi wavela ngokulimala okuncane.
